USGBC LEED-Green-Associate LEED Green Associate Exam Exam Practice Test

Green Seal is a non-profit organization that develops standards and certifies products and services that are environmentally preferable and meet rigorous performance criteria1. Green Seal has standards for various categories of products and services, including custodial products and materials, such as cleaners, degreasers, floor care products, paper products, and hand soaps2. Green Seal-certified custodial products and materials can help achieve credits in the LEED v4 Materials and Resources category, such as Purchasing - Ongoing Consumables34.

References:

• About Us | Green Seal1
• Standards | Green Seal2
• LEED v4: Building Design + Construction Guide - U.S. Green Building Council3
• Credit’s Supporting LEED’s Materials and Resources Category | Legrand4

Utilizing recycled materials achieves the green building objective of minimizing the need for landfills. Recycled materials are materials that have been recovered or diverted from the waste stream and processed into new products or materials. Utilizing recycled materials can reduce the amount of waste that is sent to landfills or incinerators, which can have negative impacts on the environment, such as occupying valuable land, contaminating soil and water, and emitting harmful gases. Utilizing recycled materials can also save natural resources, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, create jobs, and lower disposal costs12. References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, EPA’s Recycling Basics2

impervious surfaces are those that do not allow water to infiltrate into the soil, such as asphalt, concrete, roofs, or compacted soil. Impervious surfaces increase the amount and speed of stormwater runoff, which can cause erosion, sedimentation, flooding, and pollution of downstream water bodies. Minimizing impervious surfaces can help reduce these negative impacts and preserve the aquatic habitat and natural stream morphology12.

Native vegetation is the plant life that is adapted to the local climate and soil conditions. Native vegetation can help filter pollutants, stabilize soils, reduce runoff, provide shade, and create habitat for wildlife. Enhancing native vegetation can help restore the natural functions and diversity of the ecosystem and protect the aquatic habitat and natural stream morphology13.

Rainwater is the precipitation that falls on the site. Rainwater can be captured and reused for various purposes, such as irrigation, toilet flushing, or cooling. Capturing and reusing rainwater can help reduce potable water demand, decrease stormwater runoff, and prevent flooding and pollution of downstream water bodies. Capturing and reusing rainwater can help conserve water resources and protect the aquatic habitat and natural stream morphology1 .

These strategies are consistent with the LEED v4 requirements for the Sustainable Sites credit category, which aims to protect and restore habitat, manage stormwater, reduce heat island effects, and promote alternative transportation.

 Flush out process is performed to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the indoor air after construction or renovation12. VOCs are chemicals that can evaporate at room temperature and cause health problems, such as headaches, nausea, and irritation3. Flush out process involves supplying 100% outdoor air to the building for a certain period of time or until a certain amount of air changes are achieved12.

References:

• Flush-out documentation | LEEDuser1
• Building flushout - option 2 | LEEDuser2
• Volatile Organic Compounds’ Impact on Indoor Air Quality | Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) | US EPA3

The LEED Fellow is a distinction awarded by GBCI for LEED APs who have made significant contributions to the field of green building and sustainability at a regional, national or global level. The LEED Fellow designation recognizes exceptional contributions to green building and significant professional achievement within the rapidly growing community of LEED Professionals. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

Daylighting and natural ventilation are strategies that can be used together to save energy and improve occupant experience in a building. Daylighting uses natural light to illuminate the interior spaces of a building, reducing the need for artificial lighting and improving the visual comfort and well-being of the occupants. Natural ventilation uses outdoor air to provide fresh air and cooling to a building, reducing the need for mechanical ventilation and air conditioning and improving the indoor air quality and thermal comfort of the occupants1 . References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide

The cost of commissioning (Cx) is often repaid with recovered energy performance. Commissioning is a process of verifying and documenting that a building and its systems meet the design intent and the owner’s project requirements. Commissioning can help improve the energy efficiency, indoor environmental quality, and occupant satisfaction of a building. According to a study by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, commissioning can result in median energy savings of 13% for existing buildings and 16% for new construction, with payback times of 1.1 years and 4.2 years, respectively1. Therefore, commissioning can be a cost-effective investment that pays off with reduced energy consumption and costs over the life cycle of a building. References: Building Commissioning: A Golden Opportunity for Reducing Energy Costs and Greenhouse Gas Emissions1; LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide, Energy and Atmosphere, page 81

Life-cycle costing (LCC) is a method of estimating the total cost of owning and operating an asset over its entire life span. LCC considers all costs associated with the acquisition, installation, operation, maintenance, and disposal of the asset12. LCC can help businesses make better decisions about purchasing, budgeting, pricing, and investing in assets2.

LCC does not quantify environmental impacts such as acidification, eutrophication, or global warming. These impacts are measured by life-cycle assessment (LCA), which is a method of evaluating the environmental effects of a product or service throughout its life cycle. LCA considers the inputs and outputs of materials, energy, and emissions at each stage of the product or service life cycle34. LCA can help businesses identify opportunities to reduce their environmental footprint, improve their sustainability performance, and comply with environmental regulations4.

However, LCC and LCA are often used together to compare different alternatives based on both economic and environmental criteria. For example, a business may use LCC to estimate the energy costs of different lighting options, and LCA to estimate the greenhouse gas emissions of each option. By combining LCC and LCA results, the business can select the option that minimizes both costs and emissions.

Retrocommissioning is a process applied to existing buildings to ensure that they continue to perform optimally for the current use. This process involves checking systems to see if they function as intended, making necessary repairs or improvements, and ensuring that building staff are trained in the operation and maintenance of systems. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

The percentage rule is a method to determine the most appropriate LEED rating system for a project when several rating systems may be applicable1. To use this rule, first assign a rating system to each square foot or square meter of the building, and then choose the most appropriate rating system based on the resulting percentages1. The entire gross floor area of a LEED project must be certified under a single rating system and is subject to all prerequisites and attempted credits in that rating system1. The percentage rule states that if one rating system covers more than 60% of the gross floor area, that rating system should be used1. If no rating system covers more than 60% of the gross floor area, but one covers more than 40%, then that rating system should be used1. If no rating system covers more than 40% of the gross floor area, then the project team can choose any applicable rating system1. Therefore, the answer is B. 40/60 rule.

References: =

• LEED rating system selection guidance

Regional Priority credits are awarded to encourage projects to address local environmental issues that are of particular importance or concern for the region where the project is located. These issues may include water scarcity, air quality, habitat protection, or human health. Regional Priority credits are not new LEED credits, but rather existing credits that have been identified by regional councils or chapters of USGBC as having higher priority or relevance for their areas. Projects can earn up to four bonus points by achieving Regional Priority credits. References: LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide, Introduction, page 13; LEED v4 Impact Category and Point Allocation Process Overview1

Including subsidies for carpools is a strategy that can increase the number of points the project receives for Location and Transportation credits. This is because it reduces the demand for single-occupancy vehicle trips and parking spaces, which in turn reduces greenhouse gas emissions, traffic congestion, and land consumption12. The project can earn up to 15 points for the Transportation Demand Management credit by providing various incentives and programs to encourage alternative modes of transportation, such as carpooling, public transit, biking, or walking12.

Strategies for improving building occupants’ comfort and control may consist of installing operable windows, giving occupants lighting control and providing ergonomic furniture. These strategies can enhance the indoor environmental quality (IEQ) of a building, which is the physical and psychological conditions of the indoor spaces that affect the health, comfort, and productivity of the occupants. Installing operable windows can allow occupants to adjust the natural ventilation, temperature, and fresh air intake of their spaces. Giving occupants lighting control can allow them to adjust the artificial lighting levels, color, and direction of their spaces. Providing ergonomic furniture can support the physical comfort, posture, and well-being of the occupants12. References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide2

The term “LEED certified building” is the correct usage according to the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC). This term indicates that a building has met the standards set by the LEED rating system and has been officially certified by the USGBC. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

a construction waste management plan is a document that outlines how the project will reduce, reuse, recycle, or dispose of the construction and demolition waste generated on site. One of the key components of a construction waste management plan is to track and document the volume or weight of materials that are diverted from landfills or incinerators by redirecting them to other destinations, such as recycling facilities, salvage yards, donation centers, or reuse on site12.

Tracking and documenting the volume or weight of materials diverted is important for several reasons, such as:

• It helps measure the performance and effectiveness of the waste management plan and identify areas for improvement.
• It provides evidence and verification for LEED certification, as LEED v4 requires projects to divert at least 50% or 75% of construction and demolition waste (by weight or volume) from disposal in landfills or incineration facilities for one or two points, respectively3.
• It demonstrates the environmental and economic benefits of waste diversion, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions, conserving natural resources, saving disposal costs, and creating jobs12.

The number of dumpsters used is not a relevant metric for tracking a construction waste management plan, as it does not indicate how much waste is generated or diverted. The amount of site soils reused on the site is also not a valid indicator, as site soils are not considered construction and demolition waste by LEED v43. The amount of post-consumer recycled content is not related to a construction waste management plan, as it refers to the percentage of material in a product that was previously used by consumers and diverted from landfills or incinerators before being incorporated into a new product.

An owner who wants to update the interior materials of the office while promoting a healthier indoor work environment using LEED strategies can specify low-emitting materials as one of the strategies to achieve this goal. Low-emitting materials are materials that have low or no emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or other pollutants into the indoor air. VOCs are organic chemicals that can evaporate or vaporize at room temperature and can adversely affect the indoor air quality (IAQ) of a building and the health, comfort, and productivity of the occupants. Some sources of VOCs in buildings are paints, coatings, adhesives, sealants, flooring, furniture, and cleaning products. Specifying low-emitting materials can reduce the exposure and risk of VOCs for the occupants and improve IAQ12. References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide2

A 100% vegetated roof coverage best addresses both heat island effect and rainwater runoff from the roof only. A vegetated roof, also known as a green roof, is a layer of living plants that covers the roof surface. A vegetated roof reduces the heat island effect by providing shade, evapotranspiration, and insulation, lowering the roof temperature and the surrounding air temperature. A vegetated roof also reduces rainwater runoff by retaining and absorbing precipitation, decreasing the volume and peak flow of stormwater leaving the roof. The other options are not as effective as a 100% vegetated roof coverage in addressing both heat island effect and rainwater runoff from the roof only. A 100% high-albedo roof reflects more solar radiation than a conventional roof, reducing the heat island effect, but it does not reduce rainwater runoff. A 20% high-albedo and 80% conventional roof has a lower reflectance than a 100% high-albedo roof, resulting in a higher heat island effect, and it does not reduce rainwater runoff either. A 50% standing seam copper and 50% vegetated roof has a lower vegetated area than a 100% vegetated roof, resulting in less shade, evapotranspiration, insulation, retention, and absorption, leading to a higher heat island effect and more rainwater runoff. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, page 27; USGBC, [Sustainable Sites], page 3.

Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is the approach that refers to the identification and quantification of environmental effects throughout the life of the materials and products used in a project as well as the project itself. LCA evaluates the environmental impacts of a product, process, or service from cradle to grave, or from raw material extraction to disposal or reuse. LCA considers various impact categories, such as global warming potential, ozone depletion potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, smog formation potential, and human health impacts. LCA can help to compare the environmental performance of different design options, select more sustainable materials and products, and reduce the environmental footprint of a project

Quality transit in LEED refers to public transportation modes that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and provide access to diverse destinations. Bicycles are considered a type of quality transit in LEED, as they meet the criteria of being low-emitting, fuel-efficient, and having a high ridership capacity. Taxis, motorcycles, and single passenger cars are not considered quality transit in LEED, as they have higher emissions, lower fuel efficiency, and lower ridership capacity than bicycles.

LEED prerequisites are the minimum requirements that a project must meet in order to be eligible for LEED certification. Prerequisites are mandatory for all projects and cannot be substituted or waived. If a project does not meet a prerequisite in one credit category, it does not qualify for certification, regardless of how many points it earns in other categories123.

A project that does not meet a prerequisite in one credit category does not forfeit all points in the same credit category, as points are awarded for meeting optional credits, not prerequisites. A project cannot file a CIR (Credit Interpretation Request) to seek clarification or exception for a prerequisite, as CIRs are only applicable for credits. A project cannot substitute a prerequisite from an alternative rating system, as prerequisites are specific to each rating system and reflect the minimum standards for that system

Integrative design is the term that encourages team members to collaborate throughout the process of design and construction to create synergistic solutions. Integrative design is an approach that considers the interrelationships among various building systems, environmental factors, and occupant needs, and seeks to optimize the performance, cost, and environmental benefits of the project. The LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook states that one of the intents of the Integrative Process category is to “support high-performance, cost-effective project outcomes through an early analysis of the interrelationships among systems” [1, p. 12]. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, [Integrative Design Process | Whole Building Design Guide]

A charrette is a strategy that can help build consensus for a project’s sustainability goals. A charrette is an intensive, collaborative, and creative workshop that brings together the project team and other stakeholders to define the project goals, scope, and strategies. A charrette can help to establish a common vision, identify synergies, and prioritize actions for a green building project. A charrette can also foster communication, trust, and buy-in among the participants13. References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide3

A flush-out is a process that is conducted prior to building occupancy and removes indoor airborne contaminants by thoroughly exhausting old air and replacing it with fresh outdoor air. A flush-out is one of the options for achieving the LEED Indoor Air Quality Assessment credit, which aims to reduce indoor air quality problems resulting from construction or renovation and promote the comfort and well-being of occupants1. A flush-out requires that the building be supplied with a total air volume of 14,000 cubic feet of outdoor air per square foot of gross floor area while maintaining an internal temperature of at least 60°F and no higher than 80°F and relative humidity no higher than 60%. The flush-out can be done before or during occupancy, but the latter option requires a minimum ventilation rate and duration2. A flush-out can help to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter (PM), and other pollutants that may be emitted from construction materials, finishes, furnishings, and equipment3.

In the context of a LEED project, the charrette is a meeting of stakeholders, project team members and others to establish project objectives. The charrette is a collaborative and participatory process that involves brainstorming, discussing, and generating ideas and solutions for the project’s sustainability goals, design strategies, performance targets, and evaluation methods. The charrette is usually held at the early stages of the project to ensure alignment and integration among all parties involved. The LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook states that one of the steps in the integrative process is to “conduct a preliminary LEED assessment with key project team members, including owner” [1, p. 12]. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, [Charrette | Whole Building Design Guide]

The intent of waste management in the Materials and Resources credit category is to reduce the amount of waste and toxins hauled to landfills. This can be achieved through strategies such as recycling, composting, reusing materials, and reducing overall material consumption. By reducing waste, we can conserve natural resources, reduce pollution from waste treatment and disposal processes, and decrease the demand for landfill space. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

Setting project goals is the action that the design team should conduct first in order to incorporate green building strategies in a six-story commercial building renovation project. Setting project goals is an important step in the integrative process that defines the vision and expectations for the project’s sustainability performance and guides the decision-making throughout the design and construction phases. Setting project goals involves engaging key stakeholders, such as owners, users, designers, contractors, and operators, and identifying measurable objectives, targets, and metrics for various aspects of green building, such as energy efficiency, water conservation, material selection, indoor environmental quality, site selection, and transportation access. The LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook states that one of the steps in the integrative process is to “establish sustainability goals early in project development” [1, p. 12]. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, [Integrative Process | U.S. Green Building Council]

 LEED is an acronym for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, which is the most widely used green building rating system in the world. LEED provides a framework for creating healthy, efficient, and cost-saving buildings that have positive environmental and social impacts. LEED certification is a globally recognized symbol of sustainability achievement and leadership12.

Graywater includes wastewater from lavatory faucets, whereas blackwater includes wastewater from toilets and urinals. This describes the difference between graywater and blackwater according to LEED. Graywater is wastewater that has been used for non-potable purposes, such as washing hands or dishes, but does not contain human or animal waste. Blackwater is wastewater that has been contaminated with human or animal waste from toilets or urinals. Graywater can be reused for certain purposes after minimal treatment, such as irrigation or toilet flushing, whereas blackwater requires more advanced treatment before reuse or disposal. The LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook states that one of the strategies for achieving water efficiency is to “use non-potable water (graywater) for sewage conveyance” [1, p. 14]. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, [Graywater vs Blackwater | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]

The triple bottom line is a business concept that states firms should commit to measuring their social and environmental impact—in addition to their financial performance—rather than solely focusing on generating profit, or the standard “bottom line”1. The triple bottom line can be broken down into “three P’s”: profit, people, and the planet2. Firms can use these categories to conceptualize their environmental responsibility and determine any negative social impacts to which they might be contributing1.

Triple bottom line

Designers and builders can construct a green building that uses significantly less water than a conventional building by incorporating native plant landscapes. Native plant landscapes are plants that are adapted to the local climate and soil conditions, and require little or no irrigation, fertilization, or pesticides. They also provide habitat for wildlife, reduce stormwater runoff, and enhance the aesthetic value of the site. The LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook states that one of the intents of the Sustainable Sites category is to “conserve water by using native or adapted plants” [1, p. 13]. References: [LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook], [Native Plants | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]

ASHRAE 90.1-2010, Appendix G is the referenced standard for defining the baseline building performance for energy simulation modeling in LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction. The baseline building is a hypothetical building that represents the minimum energy performance required by ASHRAE 90.1-2010, which is a standard for energy efficiency in buildings. The baseline building is used as a benchmark to compare the proposed design of the project and to calculate the percentage of energy cost savings achieved by the project. The baseline building performance is evaluated by following the procedures and assumptions specified in Appendix G of ASHRAE 90.1-2010, such as building envelope, lighting, HVAC systems, service water heating, and renewable energy.

The other options are not relevant to the question, as they are standards for different aspects of green building, such as thermal comfort (ASHRAE 55-2010), air filtration (ASHRAE 52.2-2007), and ventilation (ASHRAE 62.1-2010).

References: LEED v4 Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction, p. 341 1; [ASHRAE website]

Conducting an occupant comfort survey with all building occupants is an effective way to identify occupant comfort issues in a space based on LEED best practices. An occupant comfort survey is a tool that collects feedback from building occupants about their satisfaction with various aspects of their indoor environment, such as thermal comfort, lighting quality, acoustic quality, air quality, ergonomics, and aesthetics. An occupant comfort survey can help identify areas of improvement and potential solutions for enhancing occupant comfort and well-being. The other options are not effective ways to identify occupant comfort issues in a space based on LEED best practices. Installing energy meters in the building is a strategy that measures energy performance, but does not directly address occupant comfort. Discussing potential issues with building owner is a subjective and limited way of gathering information, as the building owner may not represent the views and experiences of all building occupants. Waiting for occupants to alert facilities management team of issues is a passive and reactive way of addressing occupant comfort, as some occupants may not voice their concerns or may have already suffered from discomfort. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, page 25; USGBC, [Guide to LEED Certification: Commercial], page 13.

Light-colored paving and cool roofs refer to materials with higher emissivity and higher albedo. Emissivity is the ability of a material to emit heat that it absorbs, while albedo is a measure of how much light that hits a surface is reflected without being absorbed. Materials with high emissivity can help reduce heat islands by releasing more of the heat they absorb, while those with high albedo can reflect more sunlight and thus stay cooler. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

The Location and Transportation (LT) category addresses the location and accessibility of a project site, as well as its impacts on transportation, land use, and community connectivity. One of the credits in this category is LT Credit: Surrounding Density and Diverse Uses, which rewards projects that are located in areas with high density and a variety of land uses, such as retail, residential, and civic facilities. This can reduce vehicle miles traveled, greenhouse gas emissions, and infrastructure costs, as well as promote walkability, livability, and social interaction. A new project that is built adjacent to a park with a trail leading to an urban business district qualifies for this credit by providing pedestrian access to diverse uses within a 1/2 mi. (0.80 km) walking distance1 . References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide

Permanent entryway systems are designed to capture dirt and particulates entering the building at regularly used exterior entrances. They can be grilles, grates, mats or other materials that are at least 10 feet long in the primary direction of travel12. They can improve indoor air quality, reduce maintenance costs and enhance floor appearance3.

References :=

• Entryway Systems | LEEDuser
• lengths of the permanent entryway systems | LEEDuser
• SC LEE Credit Contributions - CS Group

The feedback mechanism is a process of collecting and analyzing data from the building occupants to evaluate the performance of the building and identify opportunities for improvement1. Occupants are the primary source of feedback, as they are the ones who experience the building on a daily basis and can provide valuable insights on its comfort, functionality, and satisfaction2.

References := LEED v4: Building Design + Construction Guide, Feedback Mechanism - LEEDuser

An office without transit access can substantially reduce its transportation impact if workers are able to walk from the office to basic services. Transportation impact is the effect of transportation activities on the environment, society, and economy. Transportation impact can include greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, noise pollution, energy consumption, land use, traffic congestion, infrastructure costs, and public health. Walking is a form of alternative transportation that can reduce transportation impact by using less energy, emitting less pollutants, occupying less space, and improving physical activity and well-being. If workers are able to walk from the office to basic services, such as retail, restaurants, banks, or post offices, they can reduce their vehicle miles traveled, fuel consumption, and parking demand1 . References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, EPA’s Transportation and Climate Change

ASHRAE 189.1 is a standard for the design of high-performance green buildings that covers various aspects of sustainability, energy efficiency, water efficiency, indoor environmental quality, and more. It is an alternate compliance path for the IGCC, which is a model code that contains minimum requirements for green building design and construction. In jurisdictions that adopt the IGCC, a builder has the option to design and construct a building in accordance with the provisions of ASHRAE 189.1 rather than those of the IGCC123.

References:

• ASHRAE Standard 189.1-2014: Standard for the Design of High-Performance Green Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings (ASHRAE 189.1) | US EPA Smart Growth1
• ASHRAE Standard 189.1-2014 - Trane Heating & Air Conditioning2
• IgCC and ASHRAE Standard 189.1 Technical Provisions3

LEED considers products to be environmentally preferable when they are locally extracted, manufactured, and purchased. This is because local sourcing reduces the environmental impact associated with transportation, supports local economies, and can often ensure that the materials are suitable for the local climate and conditions. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

An infill site within an existing neighborhood with substantial transit connectivity would maximize LEED points under Location and Transportation. An infill site is a site that has been previously developed or graded and is surrounded by existing development. An existing neighborhood is a geographic area with a variety of land uses, such as residential, commercial, educational, or recreational. Substantial transit connectivity means that the site has access to multiple modes of public transportation, such as buses, trains, light rail, or bicycles. The LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook states that one of the intents of the Location and Transportation category is to “encourage development within existing communities and public transit infrastructure” [1, p. 12]. References: [LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook], [Location and Transportation | U.S. Green Building Council]

Strategically locating functional and decorative hardscape on a project site can reduce the amount of on-site impervious area. Impervious surfaces are surfaces that do not allow water to infiltrate into the ground (e.g., concrete or asphalt). By reducing these surfaces, we can increase water infiltration, which helps recharge groundwater supplies and reduces stormwater runoff that can lead to erosion and water pollution. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are a type of compound that was widely used in the 20th century in various applications, including as a refrigerant in air conditioning systems such as centrifugal chillers. CFCs are known to deplete the ozone layer when released into the atmosphere, and their use has been phased out in many countries under the Montreal Protocol. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

Using materials with a high recycled content is a strategy to reduce construction waste. Recycled content materials are made from pre-consumer or post-consumer waste that has been diverted from landfills or incinerators and reprocessed into new materials. Using recycled content materials reduces the demand for virgin materials, saves energy and resources, and prevents waste generation. The other options are not strategies to reduce construction waste. Performing a waste stream audit is a strategy to measure and analyze the types and quantities of waste generated by a building or project. Developing a construction waste management policy is a strategy to establish goals and procedures for diverting construction waste from landfills or incinerators. Hiring a consultant to sort construction waste off site is a strategy to outsource the responsibility of separating recyclable or reusable materials from construction waste, but it does not necessarily reduce the amount of waste generated. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, page 26; USGBC, [Materials and Resources], page 2.

The Materials and Resources (MR) category focuses on reducing the environmental, economic, and social impacts of building materials from extraction to disposal12. It encourages the use of materials that have lower embodied energy, less waste, more recycled content, and better life-cycle performance12.

References:

• LEED v4: Building Design + Construction Guide - U.S. Green Building Council1
• Credit’s Supporting LEED’s Materials and Resources Category | Legrand2

ASHRAE 62.1 is a standard that ensures adequate ventilation is supplied to building occupants. ASHRAE stands for the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, a professional organization that develops standards and guidelines for the design, operation, and maintenance of buildings. ASHRAE 62.1 is a standard that specifies the minimum ventilation rates and other measures for new and existing buildings that are intended to provide acceptable indoor air quality (IAQ) for the occupants. Ventilation is the process of supplying outdoor air to or removing indoor air from a building. Adequate ventilation is important for maintaining good IAQ, which can affect the health, comfort, and productivity of the occupants13. References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, ASHRAE’s Standard 62.13

The Sustainable Sites (SS) category addresses the site selection, design, construction, and operation of a project, as well as its impacts on the natural and built environment. One of the goals of this category is to reduce light pollution and discourage the development of previously undeveloped land. Light pollution is the excessive or inappropriate use of artificial lighting that can have adverse effects on human health, wildlife, ecosystems, and astronomy. Previously undeveloped land is land that has not been graded, cleared, or built upon prior to the current project and remains in a natural state. Developing previously undeveloped land can result in habitat loss, soil erosion, stormwater runoff, and increased infrastructure costs13. References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide3

According to LEED v4, the commissioning authority (CxA) should be contracted before the end of the Design Development (DD) phase and should be involved in the project team from early in the Schematic Design (SD) phase1.

References := LEED v4: Building Design + Construction Guide, LEED v4 - U.S. Green Building Council, SBGD - Part D – Consultant Scopes of Work 3. Commissioning Authority, What’s new in LEED V4 – Commissioning Changes - Steven Winter …, LEED ENHANCED COMMISSIONING | Steps and Downloads

The scope of the LEED impact category component Protect Human Health from Direct Exposure to Negative Health Impacts is building occupants and design and construction crew during the construction phase and use phase of the building cycle, within the project boundary and its immediate surroundings. This component aims to reduce the exposure of people to harmful substances or conditions that may affect their health and well-being. This includes indoor air quality, thermal comfort, lighting quality, noise levels, water quality, and safety hazards. The component covers both the construction phase and the use phase of the building cycle, as both stages can pose potential health risks to people involved or affected by the project. The component also considers both the project boundary and its immediate surroundings, as some health impacts may extend beyond the site itself. References: LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide, Introduction, page 9

 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are compounds that have a high vapor pressure and low water solubility, and are emitted as gases from certain solids or liquids1. VOCs include a variety of chemicals, some of which may have short- and long-term adverse health effects2. Concentrations of many VOCs are consistently higher indoors (up to ten times higher) than outdoors2. VOCs are emitted by a wide array of products, such as paints, solvents, cleaners, fuels, pesticides, building materials, office equipment, etc2. Breathing VOCs can irritate the eyes, nose and throat, can cause difficulty breathing and nausea, and can damage the central nervous system and other organs3. Some VOCs can cause cancer3. Therefore, VOCs negatively impact the quality of indoor air, which is option B.

Covering duct work with plastic is a strategy for improving indoor environmental quality during construction. Covering duct work with plastic prevents dust, debris, and contaminants from entering the ducts and affecting the air quality of the building. This also reduces the need for cleaning and maintenance of the ducts after construction. The LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook states that one of the strategies for achieving indoor environmental quality is to “protect ducts during construction by sealing or covering with plastic” [1, p. 16]. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, [Indoor Air Quality During Construction | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]

A brownfield is a property that has been previously used for industrial or commercial purposes and may be contaminated by hazardous substances, pollutants, or contaminants12. Brownfields can pose environmental and health risks and require remediation before redevelopment3. Examples of brownfields include abandoned factories, gas stations, dry cleaners, etc

Integrative process is a collaborative approach that involves all project stakeholders in the design and decision-making process from the beginning to the end of a project. It aims to optimize the performance, environmental, social, and economic outcomes of a project by considering the interrelationships and synergies between various building and site systems. One of the key aspects of integrative process is to establish feedback loops that allow for continuous monitoring, evaluation, and improvement of the project performance during its operation. Therefore, option C is an example of integrative process, while the other options are not directly related to it. References: Integrative process | U.S. Green Building Council, section “Integrative Process”; Understanding Integrative Design in LEED v4, page 1; LEED Integrative Process Credit Explained, section “INTEGRATIVE PROCESS V4 CREDIT OVERVIEW”

Shielded light fixtures are designed to direct light downwards and prevent it from spilling over into areas where it’s not wanted, such as beyond the project boundary. This helps to prevent light trespass, which can be a form of pollution that disrupts ecosystems and human sleep patterns. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

A brownfield site is appropriate for development of LEED projects because it is a site that has been previously used for industrial or commercial purposes and may be contaminated by pollutants or hazardous substances. Developing a brownfield site can help reduce environmental impacts, such as soil erosion, habitat loss, and water consumption, by reusing existing infrastructure and restoring degraded land. LEED projects can earn credits for developing on brownfield sites under the Sustainable Sites category. References: LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide, Sustainable Sites, page 35; Best Management Practice #14: Alternative Water Sources1

According to a study completed by the Heschong Mahone Group, providing increased daylighting in schools can improve student test scores by 7%-18%. Daylighting is the practice of placing windows, skylights, other openings, and reflective surfaces so that sunlight (direct or indirect) can provide effective internal lighting. Particular attention is given to daylighting while designing a building when the aim is to maximize visual comfort or to reduce energy use. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

When developing the project and building construction budget, the project team should incorporate time in the schedule for unique materials and systems. This is because some green building strategies may require materials or systems that are not readily available or familiar to the local market. For example, using recycled or salvaged materials may require more time for sourcing and delivery. Similarly, installing renewable energy systems or high-performance HVAC systems may require more time for design and commissioning. Therefore, the project team should plan ahead and allocate sufficient time for these aspects of the project. References: LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide, Integrative Process, page 28

Acoustic Performance is a credit that aims to provide workspaces and classrooms that promote occupants’ well-being, productivity, and communications through effective acoustic design1. This credit falls under the Indoor Environmental Quality category, which addresses the quality of the indoor environment as it relates to the health and comfort of building occupants2. The Indoor Environmental Quality category has different credits for different LEED rating systems, such as LEED BD+C, LEED ID+C, LEED O+M, and LEED ND3. Acoustic Performance is one of the credits that is available for some of these rating systems, such as LEED BD+C: Schools, LEED ID+C: Commercial Interiors, and LEED O+M: Existing Buildings4.

References: =

• Acoustic performance | U.S. Green Building Council
• Indoor Environmental Quality | U.S. Green Building Council
• LEED Rating Systems Overview
• LEED rating system

Reused materials are materials that have been used before and are incorporated into a new building without significant alteration1. They are different from recycled materials, which are materials that have been reprocessed into new products or materials2. Reused materials reduce the demand for new resources and the amount of waste sent to landfills1. LEED v4 encourages the use of reused materials by awarding points for Building Product Disclosure and Optimization - Sourcing of Raw Materials3.

References:

• Construction Waste Management | WBDG - Whole Building Design Guide1
• Why plastic waste is an ideal building material - BBC Future2
• LEED v4 | HPAC Engineering3

Scope 1 greenhouse gas emissions are direct emissions from sources that are owned or controlled by the organization. On-site landfills are an example of a source of Scope 1 emissions, as they release methane and carbon dioxide from the decomposition of organic waste12.

Business travel, purchased electricity, and employee commuting are examples of sources of Scope 2 or Scope 3 emissions, which are indirect emissions from sources that are not owned or controlled by the organization. Business travel and employee commuting are Scope 3 emissions, as they occur from the activities of the organization’s value chain, such as suppliers and customers12. Purchased electricity is a Scope 2 emission, as it occurs from the generation of electricity that the organization consumes

LEED Building Design and Construction: Homes is the rating system that applies to single-family homes, low-rise multi-family homes, and mid-rise multi-family homes1. It includes the ability to reduce point thresholds for LEED certification levels based on building size, as smaller homes tend to have lower environmental impacts than larger homes2. The point thresholds are determined by the size of the house compared to the number of bedrooms1.

References: 2 LEED v4: Building Design + Construction Guide, Homes, p. 171 The LEED rating system - Ecohome.

Installing a solar hot water heater is a strategy that meets energy demand with renewable energy. Solar hot water heaters use the sun’s energy to heat water, reducing the need for non-renewable energy sources. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

To maintain the LEED Green Associate credential, you must earn 30 continuing education hours every two years, with at least six of those hours being LEED specific. This requirement ensures that LEED Green Associates stay up-to-date with the latest developments in green building practices and LEED rating systems. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

ASHRAE 189.1 is a standard that provides guidance for the design, construction, and operation of high-performance green buildings that comply with building codes and voluntary rating systems. The standard covers topics such as site sustainability, water efficiency, energy efficiency, indoor environmental quality, and the impact of materials and resources12. References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, ASHRAE’s Standard 189.12

Methane is a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming and climate change. It is produced when organic waste decomposes anaerobically (without oxygen) in landfills1. Construction and demolition waste, which accounts for about a third of all solid waste generated in the world2, often contains a large amount of organic materials, such as wood, paper, and food waste1. Therefore, disposal of solid waste from building construction and operations in landfills has a substantial effect on methane emissions13. Incineration of solid waste also produces greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrochloric acid, but at lower levels than landfilling45. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are not greenhouse gases, but they can react with other pollutants to form ozone, which is a greenhouse gas and a health hazard4.

An integrative process is a collaborative approach that involves all project stakeholders in the design and decision-making process from the beginning to the end of a project. It aims to optimize the performance, environmental, social, and economic outcomes of a project by considering the interrelationships and synergies between various building and site systems. By identifying overlapping relationships, services and redundancies among systems, an integrative process can result in increased performance and reduced costs, as it can create more efficient, effective, and innovative solutions that meet the project goals and requirements. For example, an integrative process can help to reduce the energy demand of a building by integrating passive design strategies, such as building orientation, envelope design, daylighting, natural ventilation, and shading, which can also improve the indoor environmental quality and occupant comfort. An integrative process can also help to reduce the material and water consumption of a project by reusing existing resources, selecting durable and low-impact materials, and implementing water-efficient fixtures and systems, which can also reduce the waste generation and environmental impact of the project

Rainwater Management is a credit that aims to reduce runoff, improve water quality, and restore natural hydrology1. It is part of the Sustainable Sites category, which addresses the environmental impacts of the site selection, design, and construction23.

References:

• LEED v4 | HPAC Engineering2
• LEED v4 for BUILDING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION - USGBC3
• NC-v4.1 SSc4: Rainwater management | LEEDuser1

A closed system is a type of approach that promotes the conservation of materials and resources by linking elements in order to form relationships with their function1. A closed system is one that does not exchange matter or energy with its surroundings, and therefore minimizes waste and maximizes efficiency2. A closed system aims to achieve a circular economy, where resources are reused, recycled, or recovered, rather than disposed of3. A closed system can also enhance resource productivity, reduce environmental impacts, and foster innovation4.

References: =

• Zero Waste Definition
• Closed system | physics
• Material Resources, Productivity and the Environment
• Sustainable Materials Management: The Road Ahead

Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) are tradable, non-tangible energy commodities that represent the environmental attributes of one megawatt-hour of electricity generated from renewable sources, such as wind, solar, hydro, or biomass1. RECs can be purchased by anyone, regardless of their location or utility provider, to support the development of renewable energy and reduce their carbon footprint2. RECs can also help projects earn points for the LEED v4 Innovation credit for Green Power and Carbon Offsets, which requires the purchase of at least 50% of the total building energy use from renewable sources or offsets for a minimum of five years3.

References:

• Using Renewable Energy for LEED Certification
• Renewable Energy Certificates For Green Building Explained
• LEED v4, Renewable Energy, and Carbon Offsets

 Selecting native plants to provide habitat for local fauna is a strategy that a design team should consider in order to decrease the impact of a new construction project. Native plants are plants that have evolved in a specific region and have adapted to the local climate and soil conditions. Native plants can offer many benefits for the environment, such as:

• Reducing water use and runoff by requiring less irrigation and fertilization
• Enhancing biodiversity and ecosystem services by supporting native wildlife and pollinators
• Improving air quality and mitigating climate change by sequestering carbon and reducing greenhouse gas emissions
• Increasing soil health and stability by preventing erosion and improving infiltration
• Creating a sense of place and cultural identity by reflecting the natural heritage of the region

The other options are not strategies that would decrease the impact of a new construction project. Maximizing views of the existing wetland may improve occupant satisfaction, but it does not necessarily reduce the environmental footprint of the project. Locating the project in an existing office park with ample parking may reduce land use and transportation impacts, but it may also increase heat island effect and stormwater runoff. Increasing the project’s footprint to maximize roof space for a solar array may increase renewable energy generation, but it may also increase site disturbance, material use, and energy demand. References: : Native Plants

The coordination of building and site systems should be addressed at the predesign stage to maximize the impact of integrative process. The integrative process is a method of design and construction that involves the collaboration and coordination of all project stakeholders from the beginning to achieve the project’s sustainability goals1. The predesign stage is the earliest phase of the project, where the project vision, scope, budget, schedule, and performance targets are defined2. By addressing the coordination of building and site systems at this stage, the project team can identify and analyze the interrelationships and synergies among various systems, such as energy, water, materials, indoor environmental quality, and site ecology3. This can help the team to optimize the design solutions, reduce costs and risks, enhance performance and quality, and avoid rework and conflicts later in the projec

Low-emitting materials are those that have minimal or no emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other harmful pollutants that can affect indoor air quality (IAQ)1. Specifying and installing low-emitting materials at the source can help prevent the negative effects of indoor pollutants by reducing the exposure of occupants and workers to these substances2. Some examples of low-emitting materials are paints, coatings, adhesives, sealants, flooring, furniture, and insulation that meet the criteria of third-party certification programs such as Green Seal, Greenguard, or SCS3.

Minimum acoustic performance is a prerequisite requirement that applies to LEED for Schools projects. The prerequisite aims to provide classrooms that facilitate better teacher-to-student and student-to-student communication through effective acoustic design. The prerequisite requires projects to meet the sound transmission class (STC) ratings for walls, floors, ceilings, doors, and windows; the background noise levels from HVAC systems; and the reverberation time for core learning spaces. By meeting the minimum acoustic performance, projects can improve the indoor environmental quality, enhance the learning outcomes, and reduce the health and stress impacts of noise. References: LEED v4 Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction, p. 545 1; [Acoustical Society of America website]

Stormwater runoff can indeed be treated and used in a facility’s cooling towers. This is an example of using non-potable water (water that is not of drinking quality) for purposes that do not require potable water. Other uses for treated stormwater might include toilet flushing or irrigation. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

The project team should have selected LEED for Existing Buildings: Operations and Maintenance Rating System, as the operational and maintenance phase has begun for a newly constructed school in operation for one year and undergoing minor improvements. The LEED rating systems are designed to address the specific needs and characteristics of different types of buildings and projects. The project team should choose the most appropriate rating system for their project based on the scope, scale, and goals of the project. The LEED for Existing Buildings: Operations and Maintenance Rating System is intended for buildings that are already in use and want to improve their performance and sustainability through best practices in operation, maintenance, renovation, and occupant engagement1 . References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, LEED v4 O+M Reference Guide

Air movement is a factor that affects the thermal comfort of occupants, as it influences the heat exchange between the human body and the surrounding air1. Air movement can be controlled by mechanical systems, such as fans, or natural systems, such as operable windows2. LEED v4 requires that at least 50% of individual occupant spaces have thermal comfort controls that allow occupants to adjust air movement in their local environment3.

References: 1 LEED (BD+C)- Indoor Environmental Quality Credit: Thermal comfort2 Get to Know LEED®: How to Provide Thermal Comfort in a LEED for Homes … 3 CI-v4.1 EQc5: Thermal comfort | LEEDuser.

An exemplary performance point is earned if the project achieves a performance level that is significantly higher than the credit requirements, as specified in the LEED Reference Guide1. The incremental performance threshold varies depending on the credit and is typically double the credit requirements or the next percentage threshold2.

References: 1 NC-v4.1 INc1: Innovation | LEEDuser2 What Is Exemplary Performance In LEED? | LEED Blog - Projectific, Inc.

One of the causes of surface water degradation is the expansion of impervious surfaces. Impervious surfaces are those that do not allow water to infiltrate into the soil, such as roads, parking lots, rooftops, and sidewalks. Impervious surfaces increase the amount and speed of stormwater runoff, which can carry pollutants, sediments, nutrients, and pathogens into surface water bodies such as streams, rivers, lakes, and oceans. Impervious surfaces also reduce groundwater recharge, lower base flow in streams, increase flooding and erosion, alter stream morphology and habitat, and affect water temperature and dissolved oxygen levels2. Therefore, impervious surfaces can have significant negative impacts on the quality and quantity of surface water resources. References: Surface Water as a cause of land degradation from dryland salinity3; What is Water Pollution?4

Placing grilles, grates or mats at all major entrances is an example of permanent entryway systems used to reduce dust, dirt and contaminants brought into a facility. Permanent entryway systems are designed to capture dirt and particulates from people’s shoes and prevent them from entering the indoor environment. This improves the indoor air quality and reduces the need for cleaning and maintenance. The LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook states that one of the strategies for achieving indoor environmental quality is to “use permanent entryway systems (grilles, grates, mats) to reduce particulate matter being brought into buildings at regular entryways” [1, p. 16]. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, [Indoor Environmental Quality | U.S. Green Building Council]

Daylighting is a strategy that uses natural light to illuminate the interior spaces of a building, reducing the need for artificial lighting and improving the visual comfort and well-being of the occupants. One of the strategies that can help improve daylighting in an office building is to locate private offices toward the building core and organize cubicles at the perimeter, so that more people can benefit from the access to windows and views. This can also increase the daylight penetration depth and reduce glare and contrast12. References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide2

Sustainable forestry is the practice of managing forest resources in a way that meets the current and future needs of humans for forest products, while also conserving and enhancing the ecological, social, and economic values of the forest and its surrounding landscape1. One of the key aspects of sustainable forestry is to maintain the biodiversity of the forest, which refers to the variety and abundance of living organisms, such as plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms, and their interactions within the forest ecosystem2. Biodiversity is important for the health and resilience of the forest, as it provides essential ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration, water purification, soil formation, nutrient cycling, pollination, pest control, and climate regulation23. Biodiversity also supports the livelihoods, cultures, and well-being of forest-dependent communities and indigenous peoples23.

References:

• What is sustainable forestry?
• Why is biodiversity important for forests?
• LEED v4 - FSC United States