RedHat RH033 Red Hat Linux Essentials Exam Practice Test

The ipconfig network diagnostic tool is used in the Windows operating system to see IP addresses and MAC addresses, and other related information. It is not used in the Linux operating system. In the place of the ipconfig utility, ifconfig is used in Linux for performing the same task.

Answer option D is incorrect. The ping utility is a network diagnostic tool that checks TCP/IP connectivity on any host. It is used in both Linux and Windows operating systems.

What is the ping utility?

The ping command-line utility is used to test connectivity with a host on a TCP/IP-based network.

This is achieved by sending out a series of packets to a specified destination host. On receiving the packets, the destination host responds with a series of replies. These replies can be used to determine whether or not the network is working properly.

Answer option A is incorrect. This is a network diagnostic tool in Linux that perform hostname to IP address translation and vice versa.

Answer option B is incorrect. This is a network diagnostic tool in Linux which is used to perform hostname to IP address translations, and vice versa in greater detail.

The ls ~ and echo * commands can be used by a user to display the list of contents existing in his current user account. While ~ forces a command to perform queries in the user's home directory, ls displays the contents of the home directory.

In order to replace all the occurrences of "net" with "Net" in the first fifty lines of the file, you will have to execute the following command: :1,50 s/net/Net/g

This command is issued in the command mode of the VI utility. 1,50 defines the initial and final line numbers of the current document where the command will execute. The s/ switch with the net/Net/g option will globally replace all the occurrences of "net" with "Net".

Answer option A is incorrect. This command will replace "net" with "Net" all over the current document.

Answer option B is incorrect. Since this command executes on the first 100 lines of a document, it will replace "net" with "Net" in all the 100 lines of the current document.

Answer option D is incorrect. This command will replace "net" with "Net" in the current line of the current document.

The /etc/group file contains group information. This file shows which users are members of which groups.

The concatenate (cat) command is used to display or print the contents of a file.

Syntax:

cat filename

For example, the following command will display the contents of the /var/log/dmesg file:

cat /var/log/dmesg

Note: The more command is used in conjunction with the cat command to prevent scrolling of the screen while displaying the contents of a file.

According to the scenario, John will execute the foo && bar; command. Because of the && operator, bar will execute if and only if foo completes successfully.

Answer option C is incorrect. The foo; bar; command sequence will run foo and bar in a sequential manner, but the successful completion of the first command does not matter.

Answer option D is incorrect. The foo || bar; command sequence will run the bar if and only if foo fails to complete successfully.

Answer option B is incorrect. In the foo | bar; command sequence, the output of the foo command will be the input for the bar command.

If no path is given, find looks in the current directory and its subdirectories. Using the -i option tells the find command to perform caseinsensitive search for files named snow.html. It will show all files named snow.html, Snow.html,

SNOW.html in the current directory.

Answer option B is incorrect. This command will only search for files named snow.html in the current directory with case-sensitiveness. It will not search for those files named Snow.html, SNOW.html.

Answer option C is incorrect. This is an incorrect command; it will show an error message.

Answer option D is incorrect. This is also an incorrect command, there should be a name after -i in the command.

The 3l command in vi will move the cursor 3 characters to the right when you are in command mode of vi editor. You can go into command mode by pressing the key.

What is the vi editor?

The vi editor is an interactive, cryptic, and screen-based text editor used to create and edit a file. It operates in either

Input mode or Command mode. In Input mode, the vi editor accepts a keystroke as text and displays it on the screen, whereas in Command mode, it interprets keystrokes as commands. As the vi editor is case sensitive, it interprets the same character or characters as different commands, depending upon whether the user enters a lowercase or uppercase character. When a user starts a new session with vi, he must put the editor in Input mode by pressing the "I" key. If he is not able to see the entered text on the vi editor's screen, it means that he has not put the editor in

Insert mode. The user must change the editor to Input mode before entering any text so that he can see the text he has entered.

Answer option D is incorrect. The 3h command will move the cursor 3 characters to the left.

Answer option B is incorrect. The 3w command will move the cursor forward by 3 words.

Answer option A is incorrect. The 3b command will move the cursor backward by 3 words.

When a user types alias c= 'clear' on the command prompt and presses Enter this will create an alias for the clear command. After creating the alias whenever a user wants to clear the screen, he just needs to type c and then press Enter.

This action will clear the screen. This alias will be lost if a user logs out and logs in again.

What is the alias command?

The alias command is a shortcut name for longer commands. If a command is run often, but it takes a considerable amount of time in typing that command, the time can be reduced by using the alias command.

For example: # alias list= 'ls-la'

This will create an alias called list, which will use the ls command to print a long-style listing of all files in the current directory (the -l gives a long-style list, and the -a shows all files -including hidden files).

Answer options B, C, and A are incorrect. These are incorrect commands and will show error messages on the command prompt.

The du command is used to summarize disk usage. The du command displays the number of blocks used for files. If the File parameter specified is actually a directory, the disk usage of all files within the directory are summarized. If no

File parameter is provided, the du command uses the files in the current directory.

Answer option C is incorrect. The df command reports information about space on file systems.

Answer option B is incorrect. The fsck command checks file system consistency and interactively repairs the file system.

Answer option D is incorrect. The dfsck command checks and repairs two file systems simultaneously on different drives.

The scp command is used to copy files from one host to another over the network.

What is the scp command?

The scp command is used to copy files over ssh connections. This is pretty useful if a user wants to transport files between computers, for example, to backup a file. The scp command uses the ssh command to copy files over the network.

Syntax:

# scp [options] source destination

Where, source refers to the file which a user wants to copy from his current computer/directory, and destination refers to the home directory of the remote system where a user wants to copy the file.

Some important options used with the scp command are as follows:

Answer option A is incorrect. The ls command in Linux lists information about files (the current directory by default).

Answer option C is incorrect. The mutt command is used to manage email within a text only environment.

Answer option B is incorrect. The cat command is used to join multiple files together and display the result on the screen.

According to the scenario, you will use newgrp command to accomplish the task. The newgrp command is used to temporarily change the primary group of a user into another group of which that user is a member. In this step, a new shell will be created, and when that user will exit from the shell, his previous group will be reinstated. If no group is specified, the GID is changed to the login GID.

Answer option C is incorrect. John will not use the chgrp command to accomplish his task. The chgrp (from change group) command is used by unprivileged users to change the group associated with a file. Unlike the chown command, chgrp allows regular users to change groups, but only to one of which they are a member. The general syntax of the chgrp command is as follows:

chgrp group target1 [target2 ..]

The group parameter indicates the new group with which the targets should be associated.

The target1 parameter indicates the files or directories for which the change should be made.

The target2 parameter indicates the optional additional files or directories for which the change should be made.

For example:

The above command changes the group associated with ttt to 'system', provided the executing user is a member of that group.

Answer option D is incorrect. John will not use the chown command to accomplish his task. The chown command is used to change the user and/or group ownership of each given file as specified by the first non-option argument as follows: if only a user name (or numeric user ID) is given, that user is made the owner of each given file, and the file's group is not changed.

If the user name is followed by a colon and a group name (or numeric group ID), with no spaces between them, the group ownership of the files is changed as well.

The syntax of the chown command is as follows: chown [-R [ -H | -L | -P ]] [ -h ] owner[:group] file ...

Answer option A is incorrect.

The chmod command is used to change the access mode of a file. The syntax of the command is: chmod who=permissions filename

Here, "who" refers to the owner of the file, group members, or other users, and permissions refers to "rwx".

For example, chmod 755 File.txt will give all access permissions to the owner and the read and execute permissions to the group members and other users.

The VI is a visual interactive text editor that allows a user to create, modify, and store files on a Linux computer. It works in the following modes:

Command: This is the default mode of the command. Various commands can be used in this mode to manipulate the opened text.

Input: In this mode, a user can insert text directly in the text screen area.

Answer option D is incorrect. The GNU zip (GZIP) utility is a compression utility that is used to compress files for saving space. It creates files with the .gz extension. It can also compress tar files. In order to unzip files with the .gz extension, the

GUNZIP command is used.

Answer option B is incorrect. The nmap utility, also commonly known as port scanner, is used to view the open ports on a Linux computer. It is used by administrators to determine which services are available for external users. This utility helps administrators in deciding whether to disable the services that are not being used in order to minimize any security risk.

Answer option C is incorrect. MS Word is a Windows-based utility. Hence, it cannot be used in Linux.

The Ctrl-r key-combination is used to redo a change undone by a u command in vim. You can go back in time with the undo command. You can then go forward again with the redo command. If you make a new change after the undo command, the redo will not be possible anymore.

Answer options B and D are incorrect. The Ctrl-w, s and Ctrl-w, v key-combinations are used to view a file in two windows in a single vim screen. Ctrl-w, s splits the screen horizontally and Ctrl-w, v splits the screen vertically.

Answer option A is incorrect. The Ctrl-w key-combination with an arrow key is used to jump from one window to another. This will move you to the next window in whichever direction the arrow would normally move your cursor.

Since John wants to use the variable VAR1 as an environmental variable, he will use the export command to accomplish the task.

xinit is a program that allows a user to manually start an X server. The startx script is a front-end for xinit. By default, xinit and

startx start an X server on display :0 and then start an xterm on it. When the xterm terminates, xinit and startx kill the X server. In general,

xinit and startx can start an arbitrary server and run an arbitrary script. Typically, this script runs a number of programs and a window manager. Arguments immediately following the startx command are used to start a client in the same manner as xinit. For example the startx -

- -dpi 100 command starts the xsession with 100 dpi.

The rm -rf commarecursively removes directories and its contents, ignoring warnings about removing write-protected files and directories.

Answer option B is incorrect. rm -f removes only files forcibly not a directory. To remove a directory and its contents forcibly, use -r in combination with -f with the rm command.

Answer option C is incorrect. The rmdir command is use to remove an empty directory.

Answer option D is incorrect. rm with no arguments deletes files.

Ctrl-w key-combination with an arrow key is used to jump from one window to another. This will move you to the next window in whichever direction the arrow would normally move your cursor. Instead of the arrow keys, you can also use

vi's traditional h, j, k and l keys for the same effect.

Answer options B and A are incorrect. Ctrl-w, s and Ctrl-w, v key-combinations are used to view a file in two windows in a single vim screen.

Ctrl-w, s splits the screen horizontally and Ctrl-w, v splits the screen vertically.

Answer option D is incorrect. Ctrl-w, q is used to quit from your current window.

The ls command is used to list files on a Linux computer. The syntax of the ls command is as follows:

ls [option] [directory name]

Several options are used with the ls command. Following is a list of some important options:

For example, the following command displays all the files (including hidden files) in the /home directory and the contents in the subdirectories:

What is >> command?

The >> command is used for storing the output generated by different commands. It creates a file specified to store the output. If the specified file already exists, it appends that file.

Answer option A is incorrect. The > command is used for storing the output generated by different commands. It creates a file specified to store the output. If the specified file already exists, it overwrites that file.

Answer options C and B are incorrect. Improper syntax has been followed in these answer options.

Pidgin (formerly named Gaim) is a multi-platform instant messaging client, based on a library named

libpurple. Libpurple has support for many commonly used instant messaging protocols, allowing a user to log into various different services from one application.

What is Pidgin?

Pidgin is a multi-protocol Instant Messaging client that allows a user to use all of his IM accounts at once. It is a free software that can work with AIM ,Gadu-Gadu, Jabber, ICQ ,IRC, MSN, SILC, XMPP, Yahoo!, and Zephyr Network. Anyone is free to use it and modify it, but if a user distributes his modifications, he must distribute the modified source code as well.

The license of this communication software is Freeware, i.e. anyone can freely download and use this communication software.

Answer options A and D are incorrect. Evolution and Thunderbird are Graphical mail clients in Linux.

It is not an Instant Messenger.

What is Evolution?

Evolution is a full-featured personal and workgroup information management tool for Linux systems, and is the default email client for Red Hat Enterprise Linux. It provides all of the standard email client features, including powerful mailbox management, user-defined filters, and quick searches. Its additional feature is a flexible calendar/scheduler, which allows users to create and confirm group meetings and special events online.

What is Thunderbird?

Mozilla Thunderbird is a free, open source, cross-platform e-mail and news client developed by the

Mozilla Foundation.

Thunderbird can manage multiple e-mail, newsgroup and RSS accounts and supports multiple identities within accounts.

Thunderbird incorporates a Bayesian spam filter, a white list based on the included address book, and can also understand classifications by server-based filters such as SpamAssassin. Thunderbird provides enterprise and government-grade security features such as SSL/TLS connections to IMAP and SMTP servers. It also offers native

support for S/MIME secure email (digital signing and message encryption using certificates).

Answer option B is incorrect. mutt is an email client that manages emails within a text-only environment. It is not an Instant Messenger.

What is mutt? mutt is a powerful tool for managing email within a text-only environment. This tool is very important to access email even when a graphical interface is not available. Some of its strengths are handling of message threads and flexibility. When mutt sees a series of related messages, it displays each reply under the parent. mutt supports sending of attachments through a mail. The following example describes how a file can be attached to a mail: echo "Sending an attachment." | mutt -a backup.zip -s "attachment" local@domain.com

This command will send a mail to local@domain.com with the subject (-s) "attachment", the body text "Sending an

attachment.", containing the attachment (-a) backup.zip.

The inode table contains the last access time, last modification time as well as the last inode change time of a file.

What type of data is stored in an inode table?

An inode table contains a list of all files in an ext2 and ext3 filesystem. An inode ( index node) is an entry in the table, containing information about a file (the metadata). Some important data stored in the inode table are as follows:

The file type (regular file, directory, etc.)

File permissions

Link count: The number of file names associated with the inode number.

The user ID number of file owner and the group ID number of the associated group.

Timestamps, including last access time, last modification time, and last inode change time.

Location of the data on the hard disk.

Answer options D, B, and A are incorrect. The inode table contains all these information, the file type, file permissions on the specified file, location of data on the hard disk.

The chmod command is used to change or edit file/folder permissions in Linux. In order to accomplish the task, you will have to run the following command:

chmod 754 report

This will provide Read, Write, and Execute permissions to the owner (in this case, David), Read and

Execute permissions to the members of the JAdmin group, and only Read permission to other users.

Answer option D is incorrect. This will provide Read, Write, and Execute permissions to David, to the members of the JAdmin group, and to other users.

Answer option A is incorrect. This will provide Read and Execute permissions to David, to the members of the JAdmin group, and to other users.

Answer option C is incorrect. The chown command is used to change the ownership on files or folders.