HP HPE6-A85 Aruba Certified Campus Access Associate Exam Exam Practice Test

Manual switch provisioning in Aruba Central can be done without relying on DNS services, but it does require DHCP to assign IP addresses to the switches. DHCP is essential for the switches to obtain an IP address, which is necessary for them to communicate within the network and with Aruba Central for management and configuration purposes. DNS, on the other hand, is not strictly required for manual provisioning as direct IP addresses or other methods can be used to connect to Aruba Central or other management interfaces.

When a network technician encounters an issue where a new SSID does not allow internet access despite successful connectivity and DNS resolution, they should verify the firewall policies associated with the new SSID. The firewall policies must include rules that permit traffic to and from the internet and should be correctly ordered to ensure that they are applied as intended. Since the existing SSID functions correctly, comparing the firewall rules between the two can be a useful method of troubleshooting.

A UXI (User Experience Insight) is a device that simulates user behavior and tests network performance from the user perspective. It can check different applications, such as HTTP, VOIP, or Office 365, and measure metrics such as latency, jitter, packet loss, and throughput.References:https://www.arubanetworks.com/products/networking/user-experience-insight/

A User Experience Insight (UXI) sensor, such as those used in Aruba networks, is designed to mimic client behavior and test the performance of various network services and applications from the user's perspective. It can simulate user activities and measure the quality of experience for different applications, including HTTP, VOIP, and cloud services like Office 365, providing valuable insights into network performance and user experience.

WPA3-Personal enhances the security of wireless networks by using Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE), which is a more secure replacement for the Pre-Shared Key (PSK) method used in WPA2. SAE strengthens the initial key exchange, providing better protection against offline dictionary attacks and ensuring that each session has a unique Pairwise Master Key (PMK), derived from the interaction between the client and the access point, including session-specific information like MAC addresses and nonces.

A screenshot of a computer Description automatically generated

The RADIUS message that you should look for to ensure a successful connection via 802.1X is Access-Accept. This message indicates that the RADIUS server has authenticated and authorized the supplicant (the device that wants to access the network) and has granted it access to the network resources. The Access-Accept message may also contain additional attributes such as VLAN ID, session timeout, or filter ID that specify how the authenticator (the device that controls access to the network, such as a switch) should treat the supplicant’s traffic.

The other options are not RADIUS messages because:

Authorized: This is not a RADIUS message, but a state that indicates that a port on an authenticator is allowed to pass traffic from a supplicant after successful authentication and authorization.

Success: This is not a RADIUS message, but a status that indicates that an EAP Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) is an authentication framework that provides support for multiple authentication methods, such as passwords, certificates, tokens, or biometrics. EAP is used in wireless networks and point-to-point connections to provide secure authentication between a supplicant (a device that wants to access the network) and an authentication server (a device that verifies the credentials of the supplicant). exchange has completed successfully between a supplicant and an authentication server.

Authenticated: This is not a RADIUS message, but a state that indicates that a port on an authenticator has received an EAP-Success message from an authentication server after successful authentication of a supplicant.

References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RADIUS#Access-Accept https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/security-vpn/remote-authentication-dial-user-service-radius/13838-10.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.1X#Port-based_network_access_control https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Authentication_Protocol#EAP_exchange

OSPF Open Shortest Path First. OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that uses a hierarchical structure to create a routing topology for IP networks. OSPF routers exchange routing information with their neighbors using Hello packets, which are sent periodically on each interface. To establish an adjacency Adjacency is a relationship formed between selected neighboring routers for the purpose of exchanging routing information., OSPF routers must agree on several parameters, including Hello timers, which specify how often Hello packets are sent on an interface. If the Hello timers do not match between neighboring routers, they will not form an adjacency and will not exchange routes. References:https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/ArubaOS_86_Web_Help/Content/arubaos-solutions/osfp/osfp.htm

The administrative distance is used as a trust rating for route entries (B). It is a metric used by routers to select the best path when there are two or more different routes to the same destination from two different routing protocols. The lower the administrative distance value, the more trustworthy the source of the route. For example, a directly connected network has an administrative distance of 0 because it is the most trusted source of routing information. In contrast, routes learned from different routing protocols have higher administrative distances, reflecting their relative trustworthiness.

On Aruba switches, the Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP) is enabled by default on all ports. This protocol is an industry-standard network discovery protocol that is used for network devices to advertise their identity, capabilities, and neighbors on a locally managed network, typical in an IEEE 802 network. This is beneficial for network mapping and troubleshooting purposes. Since LLDP is enabled by default, there is no need for any additional configuration on Switch 1 port 1/1/24 to receive LLDP messages from Router 1, as long as LLDP is not disabled on the port.

In an AOS-CX switch, if the QoS trust mode is not configured, it is set to none by default. The VoIP phones will mark their traffic with a local-priority value, which, if the QoS trust mode is none, will correspond to CoS map entry 1 by default. The local-priority value of 1 at the branch office likely indicates that the traffic is not being prioritized correctly compared to the corporate office, where a local-priority of 5 suggests a higher level of prioritization for voice traffic.

Aruba’s Captive Portal uses Layer 3 authentication, which means that it intercepts the client’s HTTP requests and redirects them to a web page where the client can enter their credentials. The credentials are then verified by a RADIUS server or a local database before granting network access. References:https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/Instant_86_WebHelp/Content/instant-ug/captive-portal/captive-portal-auth.htm

Aruba's Captive Portal primarily uses Layer 3 authentication, which operates at the network layer. When a user connects to a network with a Captive Portal, they are redirected to a web page for authentication. This process involves the user entering credentials or accepting terms and conditions through a web interface before gaining full access to the network. The Captive Portal intercepts the user's web traffic at Layer 3, requiring them to authenticate before proceeding, which is why it's considered a form of Layer 3 authentication.

To troubleshoot an Aruba CX 6300F switch that is failing to boot correctly, you would typically use the USB-C console port. This port allows you to connect to the switch directly with a console cable and access the boot loader menu, where you can see the available OS images and the ServiceOS for recovery and troubleshooting purposes.

100 Gbps, 3M: Direct Attach Copper

1 Gbps, 30M: Cat Ga

10 Gbps, 60M: Multimode fiber

1 Gbps, 2km: Single mode fiber

OAlOps is a feature of Aruba Central that uses artificial intelligence and machine learning to identify recommended steps to resolve network health issues and allows you to share detailed information with support personnel. OAlOps provides insights into network performance, root cause analysis, anomaly detection, proactive alerts, and automated remediation actions. OAlOps also integrates with Aruba User Experience Insight (UXI) sensors to measure and improve user experience across wired and wireless networks. References:https://www.arubanetworks.com/assets/ds/DS_ArubaCentral.pdf

a) Alerts on config changes via email - Foundation b) Group-based firmware compliance - Foundation c) Heat maps of deployed APs - Advanced d) Live upgrades of an AOS10 cluster - Advanced

According to the Aruba Central Licensing Guide1, the Foundation License provides basic device management features such as configuration, monitoring, alerts, reports, firmware management, etc. The Advanced License provides additional features such as AI insights, WLAN services, NetConductor Fabric, heat maps, live upgrades, etc.

https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/central/2.5.3/content/pdfs/licensing-guide.pdf

Signal to noise ratio (SNR) is a measure that compares the level of a desired signal to the level of background noise. SNR is defined as the ratio of signal power to the noise power, often expressed in decibels (dB). A high SNR means that the signal is clear and easy to detect or interpret, while a low SNR means that the signal is corrupted or obscured by noise and may be difficult to distinguish or recover1. When the signal from an AP Access Point. AP is a device that allows wireless devices to connect to a wired network using Wi-Fi, or related standards. weakens by being absorbed as it moves through an object, such as a wall or a furniture, the signal power decreases. This reduces the SNR and affects the quality of the wireless connection. The noise power may also increase due to interference from other sources, such as other APs or devices operating in the same frequency band2. Therefore, the correct answer is that SNR decreases when the signal from an AP weakens by being absorbed as it moves through an object. References: 1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio  2 https://documentation.meraki.com/MR/Wi-Fi_Basics_and_Best_Practices/Signal-to-Noise_Ratio_%28SNR%29_and_Wireless_Signal_Strength

Using the provided topology and show command output, it can be determined that L3-SW-2 in the Branch Office does not have a route to reach the subnet where PC1 resides (192.168.1.0/24 in the HQ Office). L3-SW-1 in the HQ Office has a route to the Branch Office subnet (172.16.1.0/24), but without the reciprocal route on L3-SW-2, traffic from the Branch Office will not be able to reach the HQ Office subnet, hence PC1 cannot ping PC2.

When a client roams from one access point to another, it must change the destination MAC address on its 802.11 frames to match the new access point to which it is associated. The SSID does not change since it is typically consistent across an entire WLAN, and the default gateway remains the same as long as the client stays within the same IP subnet. The association to a new access point involves updating the destination MAC address in the frames that the client sends.

For "headless" devices that lack 802.1X support, Multi-Preshared Keys (mPSK) provide a more secure alternative to WPA2-Personal, which uses a single preshared key. mPSK allows for the assignment of unique PSKs to devices or groups of devices, which enhances security by not sharing a single PSK across multiple devices.

ClearPass OnGuard is a component of the ClearPass Policy Manager that performs health and security posture checks on devices to ensure they meet the organization's compliance requirements before allowing access to the network. It operates as an agent on client systems to perform these checks.

In the access tracker of ClearPass, after a customer successfully connects to a guest network through a captive portal, the OUTPUT tab should show a role indicating that the user is authenticated, such as "Guest authenticated." This role confirms that the user has passed the authentication process and has been granted access.

When a client connects to an Aruba AP in tunnel mode and is assigned to a VLAN based on the client's MAC address, this indicates a Dynamic VLAN assignment. The VLAN is determined dynamically at the time of authentication based on the client's credentials or attributes, such as its MAC address.

In Aruba Central's network check page, you can run several diagnostic tests on switches. A ping test is a common utility to check the reachability of a host on an IP network. A Power over Ethernet (PoE) check can help verify the power delivery status to PoE-capable devices. These tests are crucial for ensuring connectivity and power supply to network devices

The Aruba CX 6300 Series is an ideal access switch for medium to high-density client environments, offering a range of models that can accommodate various port densities and types. For a distribution rack supporting 200-380 clients, printers, and APs, the CX 6300 provides the necessary port density and performance capabilities, including high-speed uplinks, support for Class 4 PoE (PoE+), and stacking capabilities. This series is cost-effective and designed for enterprises requiring reliable connectivity and consistent performance. The other options, such as the CX 6400, CX 6200, and CX 6000, may either be over-specified and more expensive (CX 6400), not offer the necessary port density (CX 6200), or not exist in the product line (CX 6000).

The way that STP Spanning Tree Protocol. STP is a network protocol that ensures a loop-free topology for any bridged Ethernet local area network by preventing redundant paths between switches or bridges from creating loops that cause broadcast storms, multiple frame transmission, and MAC table instability. STP creates a logical tree structure that spans all of the switches in an extended network and blocks any redundant links that are not part of the tree from forwarding data packets3. will forward or discard traffic on these ports is as follows:

STP will elect a root bridge among the two switches based on their bridge IDs, which are composed of a priority value and a MAC address. The switch with the lower bridge ID will become the root bridge and will forward traffic on all its ports.

STP will assign a role and a state to each port on both switches based on their port IDs, which are composed of a priority value and a port number. The port with the lower port ID will become the designated port and will forward traffic, while the port with the higher port ID will become the alternate port and will discard traffic.

In this scenario, since both switches have two cables connected between ports 1/1/1 and 1/1/2, there will be two possible paths between them, creating a loop. To prevent this loop, STP will block one of these paths by discarding traffic on one of the ports on each switch.

Assuming that both switches have the same priority value (default is 32768), the switch with the lower MAC address will have the lower bridge ID and will become the root bridge. The root bridge will forward traffic on both ports 1/1/1 and 1/1/2.

Assuming that both ports have the same priority value (default is 128), port 1/1/1 will have a lower port ID than port 1/1/2 on both switches because it has a lower port number. Port 1/1/1 will become the designated port and will forward traffic, while port 1/1/2 will become the alternate port and will discard traffic.

Therefore, the switch with the lower MAC address will discard traffic on one port (port 1/1/2), while the switch with the higher MAC address will also discard traffic on one port (port 1/1/2).

References: 3 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanning_Tree_Protocol

The field in a Layer 3 IPv4 packet header that is used to mitigate Layer 3 route loops is Time To Live (TTL). TTL is an 8-bit field that indicates the maximum number of hops that a packet can traverse before being discarded. TTL is set by the source device and decremented by one by each router that forwards the packet. If TTL reaches zero, the packet is dropped and an ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a network protocol that provides error reporting and diagnostic functions for IP networks. ICMP is used to send messages such as echo requests and replies (ping), destination unreachable, time exceeded, parameter problem, source quench, redirect, etc. ICMP messages are encapsulated in IP datagrams and have a specific format that contains fields such as type, code, checksum, identifier, sequence number, data, etc. ICMP messages can be verified by using commands such as ping , traceroute , debug ip icmp , etc . message is sent back to the source device. TTL is used to mitigate Layer 3 route loops because it prevents packets from circulating indefinitely in a looped network topology. TTL also helps to conserve network resources and avoid congestion caused by looped packets.

The other options are not fields in a Layer 3 IPv4 packet header because:

Checksum: Checksum is a 16-bit field that is used to verify the integrity of the IP header. Checksum is calculated by the source device and verified by the destination device based on the values of all fields in the IP header. Checksum does not mitigate Layer 3 route loops because it does not limit the number of hops that a packet can traverse.

Protocol: Protocol is an 8-bit field that indicates the type of payload carried by the IP datagram. Protocol identifies the upper-layer protocol that uses IP for datatransmission, such as TCP Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a connection-oriented transport layer protocol that provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of data between applications on different devices . TCP uses a three-way handshake to establish a connection between two endpoints , and uses sequence numbers , acknowledgments , and windowing to ensure data delivery and flow control . TCP also uses mechanisms such as retransmission , congestion avoidance , and fast recovery to handle packet loss and congestion . TCP segments data into smaller units called segments , which are encapsulated in IP datagrams and have a specific format that contains fields such as source port , destination port , sequence number , acknowledgment number , header length , flags , window size , checksum , urgent pointer , options , data , etc . TCP segments can be verified by using commands such as telnet , ftp , ssh , debug ip tcp transactions , etc . , UDP User Datagram Protocol (UDP) User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a connectionless transport layer protocol that provides

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is used by network devices to send error and operational information related to IP communications. It is used to send messages like "destination unreachable" or "time exceeded" when there are issues in IP communication

In large logistic facilities, to ensure comprehensive monitoring and performance analysis, it's recommended to place a User Experience Insight (UXI) sensor in every aisle. This allows for detailed and specific monitoring of network performance across the extensive coverage area of such facilities.

The ideal access switch for a large hospital with distribution racks of over 400 ports in a single VSF stack is the CX 6300. This switch provides the following benefits:

The CX 6300 supports up to 48 ports per switch and up to 10 switches per VSF stack, allowing for a total of 480 ports in a single stack. This meets the requirement of having over 400 ports in a single VSF stack.

The CX 6300 supports high-performance switching with up to 960 Gbps of switching capacity and up to 714 Mpps of forwarding rate. This meets the requirement of having high throughput and low latency for mobile equipment and patient data.

The CX 6300 supports advanced features such as dynamic segmentation, policy-based routing, and role-based access control. These features enhance the security and flexibility of the network by applying different policies and roles to different types of devices and users.

The CX 6300 supports Aruba NetEdit, a network configuration and orchestration tool that simplifies the management and automation of the network. This reduces the complexity and human errors involved in network configuration and maintenance.

The other options are not ideal because:

OCX 6400: This switch is designed for data center applications and does not support VSF stacking. It also does not support dynamic segmentation or policy-based routing, which are useful for network security and flexibility.

OCX 6200: This switch is designed for small to medium-sized businesses and does not support VSF stacking. It also has lower switching capacity and forwarding rate than the CX 6300, which may affect the performance of the network.

OCX 6100: This switch is designed for edge applications and does not support VSF stacking. It also has lower switching capacity and forwarding rate than the CX 6300, which may affect the performance of the network.

References: https://www.arubanetworks.com/assets/ds/DS_CX6300Series.pdf https://www.arubanetworks.com/assets/ds/DS_OC6400Series.pdf https://www.arubanetworks.com/assets/ds/DS_OC6200Series.pdf https://www.arubanetworks.com/assets/ds/DS_OC6100Series.pdf

A stateful firewall would intelligently deny traffic from a hacker attempting to alter a user's 3-Way Handshake to gain access to their session. Stateful firewalls keep track of the state of active connections and can recognize if an incoming packet is part of an established session. This allows them to detect and block unauthorized access attempts that do not match the known state of a connection.