Fortinet NSE7_NST-7.2 Fortinet NSE 7 - Network Security 7.2 Support Engineer Exam Practice Test

OSPF Interface Network Types:

The network types of the interfaces on both FortiGate devices must match. Common network types include broadcast, point-to-point, and non-broadcast multi-access (NBMA).

Authentication Settings:

Both devices must have matching authentication settings (if authentication is used). This includes the same authentication type (none, simple password, or MD5) and the same password or key.

OSPF Router IDs:

Each OSPF router must have a unique router ID within the OSPF domain. The router ID is typically an IPv4 address selected from one of the router's interfaces or manually configured.

Link Costs and Interface Priority:

While link costs and interface priorities are important for route selection and designated router (DR) elections, they do not prevent OSPF adjacency formation if they differ.

References

Fortinet Network Security 7.2 Support Engineer Documentation

OSPF Configuration Guides

The exhibit shows log entries from the FSSO (Fortinet Single Sign-On) collector agent logs. These logs provide insights into why there might be issues with the collector agent connecting to workstations or the registry.

Remote registry is not running on the workstation: The failure to connect to the workstation registry can occur if the remote registry service on the workstation is not running. This service needs to be active to allow the FSSO collector agent to query the workstation for user login information.

DNS resolution is unable to resolve the workstation name: The logs indicate a failure in connecting to a workstation by name, which can happen if the DNS server is unable to resolve the workstation's name to an IP address. This is a common issue when the DNS settings are incorrect or the workstation name is not properly registered in the DNS.

A firewall is blocking traffic to port 139 and 445: Communication issues to the workstation or registry are often caused by firewall rules blocking essential ports. Ports 139 (NetBIOS) and 445 (SMB) are critical for these operations. Ensure these ports are open on both the workstation and any intermediate firewalls.

References

Fortinet Community Documentation on FSSO Troubleshooting

Fortinet Community on FSSO Collector Agent Issues

RADIUS Server IP Address:

The debug output shows that the RADIUS request was sent to the server atIP=172.25.188.164. This indicates that the RADIUS server being queried for authentication is indeed located at this IP address.

Authentication Result:

The debug output includes a line indicating the result for the RADIUS server:Result for radius svr 'RadiusServer' 172.25.188.164(0) is 0. A result code of0typically signifies that the authentication attempt was unsuccessful.

Authentication Scheme:

The debug output does not indicate that the authentication scheme used was pop3; it mentions using CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol).

Two-factor Authentication:

There is no indication in the debug output that two-factor authentication was required for this session.

References

Fortinet Network Security 7.2 Support Engineer Documentation

RADIUS Authentication Configuration and Debugging Guides

Diagnose NPU NP6 Port-list Disable Command:

Thediagnose npu np6 port-list disablecommand disables specific ports on the NP6 processor. This can help in cases where you need to analyze traffic and the hardware offloading is interfering.

Command:diagnose npu np6 port-list disable 5 17(as shown in Option A).

Diagnose NPU NP6 Fastpath Disable Command:

Disabling the fastpath feature on NP6 can also allow for better visibility into the traffic as it bypasses hardware acceleration, which might obscure traffic details.

Command:diagnose npu np6 fastpath disable 0(as shown in Option C).

References:

Fortinet Documentation on Troubleshooting BGP and NPU Settings​(Fortinet Docs)​.

Fortinet Community Technical Notes on NPU and Traffic Analysis​(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)​.

The session table entry provided shows detailed information about a specific network session passing through the FortiGate device. From the session details, we can see that the session has various attributes such as state, protocol, policy, and inspection details.

The session state (proto_state=11) indicates that the session is being actively processed and inspected.

Thenpd_state=00000000suggests that the session is being handled by the CPU rather than offloaded to a Network Processor (NP).

The session is marked for security profile inspection, evident from the detailed byte/packet counts and other session parameters.

From these indicators, it's clear that FortiGate is using its CPU to perform security profile inspection on this session rather than simply forwarding the traffic without inspection or relying solely on IPS inspection.

References

Fortinet Documentation on Session Table

Fortinet Community Discussion on Session Table

Capturing ESP Traffic:

ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload) traffic is associated with IPsec and is identified by the protocol number 50. To capture ESP traffic, you need to filter packets based on this protocol.

In this specific case, you also need to filter for the host associated with the VPN tunnel, which is10.200.3.2as indicated in the exhibit.

Sniffer Command:

The correct command to capture ESP traffic for the VPN namedDialUp_0is:

diagnose sniffer packet any ‘espandhost10.200.3.2’

This command ensures that only ESP packets to and from the specified host are captured, providing a focused and relevant data set for troubleshooting.

References:

Fortinet Documentation: Verifying IPsec VPN Tunnels​(Fortinet Docs)​​(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)​.

Fortinet Community: Troubleshooting IPsec VPN Tunnels​(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)​​(Fortinet Docs)​.

Conserve Mode Overview:Conserve mode is a state that FortiGate enters to protect itself from running out of memory. It is triggered when the memory usage reaches certain thresholds.

Thresholds:The default settings for conserve mode thresholds are:

Red Threshold:88% memory usage.

Extreme Threshold:95% memory usage.

Green Threshold:82% memory usage.

Impact on Sessions:When in conserve mode:

New sessions requiring flow-based content inspection are blocked.

New sessions requiring proxy-based content inspection are also blocked to free up memory resources.

Current Memory State in Exhibit:The exhibit shows:

Total RAM: 3040 MB.

Memory used: 2706 MB (89% of total RAM).

Memory usage exceeds the red threshold (88%), thus triggering conserve mode.

Given that the memory usage is above the red threshold and conserve mode is active, the FortiGate will block new sessions requiring both flow-based and proxy-based content inspection to conserve memory.

References:

Fortinet Community: Explanation of Conserve Mode and Its Impact​(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)​​(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)​.

Fortinet Documentation: Conserve Mode Settings and Management​(Fortinet Docs)​.

Kernel Slabs Overview:

The slab allocator in the Linux kernel is used for efficient memory management. It groups objects of the same type into caches, which are divided into slabs.

Each slab contains multiple objects and helps to minimize fragmentation and enhance memory allocation efficiency.

Interpreting the Exhibit:

The exhibit shows output related to various kernel slab caches.

The line forip6_sessionindicates that there are 1300 kB allocated for this slab, which means the total memory size allocated for IPv6 session objects in the kernel is 1300 kB.

References:

Fortinet Community: Explanation of kernel slab allocation and usage​(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)​​(Hammertux)​.

Linux Kernel Documentation: Slab Allocator details​(Hammertux)​.

Remote Gateway IP:

The output shows10.200.5.1as the remote gateway IP, confirming that this is the IP address of the remote gateway involved in the IPsec VPN tunnel.

Quick Mode Selectors:

The quick mode selectors specify the subnets involved in the VPN. The output showssrc: 0:10.1.2.0/255.255.255.0:0anddst: 0:10.1.1.0/255.255.255.0:0, indicating the subnets being tunneled.

DPD (Dead Peer Detection):

DPD is shown asmode=on-demand on=1 idle=20000ms retry=3 count=0 seqno=0, indicating that DPD is enabled in on-demand mode.

Anti-replay:

The output includesreplaywin=2048andreplaywin_lastseq=00000000, which are indicators that anti-replay protection is enabled for the IPsec tunnel.

References

Fortinet Network Security 7.2 Support Engineer Documentation

VPN Configuration and Diagnostic Guides

BGP Advertisement:The output from the commandget router info bgp neighbors 100.64.2.254 advertised-routesshows the routes that the local router is advertising to its BGP neighbor.

Output Analysis:

TheNetworkcolumn lists the networks being advertised.

TheNext Hopcolumn indicates the next-hop IP address for these routes.

The line*> 10.20.30.40/24 100.64.2.1indicates that the 10.20.30.40/24 network is being advertised with a next-hop of 100.64.2.1.

Local Router's Role:Since the output lists the advertised routes, it means that the local router (with router ID 172.16.1.254) is advertising the 10.20.30.40/24 network to its neighbor 100.64.2.254.

This confirms that the local router is indeed advertising the specified network to its BGP neighbor.

References:

Fortinet Documentation: Understanding BGP Route Advertisements​(Fortinet Document Library)​​(Fortinet Docs)​.

The BGP summary output shows the state of the 10.200.3.1 peer as "Connect." This state indicates that the local router has attempted to initiate a BGP session with the peer, but the peer has not yet responded to the initial connection request.

State Explanation: The "Connect" state in BGP indicates that the TCP connection has been initiated but is waiting for a response. If the peer does not respond within the configured timers, the session will transition to the "Active" state and retry the connection.

Possible Causes: This can occur due to network issues preventing the peer from responding, a misconfiguration on the peer device, or issues like access control lists (ACLs) blocking the BGP traffic.

To troubleshoot, check the connectivity between the routers, ensure that the BGP configurations on both sides match, and verify that there are no firewalls or ACLs blocking the BGP packets.

References

Fortinet Documentation on BGP Troubleshooting

Fortinet Community Discussion on BGP State Issues

RTT (Round Trip Time):

RTT in the context of the FortiGuard server list indicates the time it takes for a request to be sent to a FortiGuard server and for a response to be received.

This metric helps determine the latency between the FortiGate device and the FortiGuard servers, which is crucial for ensuring efficient and quick updates and responses for services like web filtering and antivirus updates.

Server Selection:

The FortiGate device uses RTT values to prioritize servers. Servers with lower RTT values are preferred as they respond faster, ensuring minimal delay in processing requests.

This improves the overall performance of FortiGuard services by reducing the time it takes to communicate with the servers.

References:

Fortinet Community: Troubleshooting FortiGuard server connections and RTT values​(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)​​(Fortinet Docs)​.

Fortinet Documentation: FortiGuard server settings and RTT explanation​(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)​​(Fortinet Docs)​.