Amazon Web Services SOA-C02 AWS Certified SysOps Administrator - Associate (SOA-C02) Exam Practice Test

To manage scaling of EC2 instances in response to variable SQS message loads effectively:

Monitor SQS Queue Size: Utilize Amazon CloudWatch to monitor the number of visible messages in the SQS queue. This metric gives an indication of the workload that needs to be processed by the worker instances.

Metric Math Expression: Create a CloudWatch metric math expression that calculates the approximate number of messages visible per instance. This provides a more precise scaling metric, ensuring that each instance in the Auto Scaling group has a manageable load.

Target Tracking Scaling Policy: Implement a target tracking scaling policy based on this metric math expression. Configure the Auto Scaling group to automatically adjust its size to maintain a target value for the average number of SQS messages per instance. This approach ensures that the EC2 instances scale up during high traffic periods and scale down when the message load decreases.

This solution optimizes resource utilization and cost while maintaining performance by ensuring that the worker processes are neither overwhelmed nor idle.

"C" because Elastic Load Balancing provides access logs that capture detailed information about requests sent to your load balancer

https://docs.aws.amazon.com/elasticloadbalancing/latest/application/load-balancer-access-logs.html

"D" because "you can configure CloudFront to create log files that contain detailed information about every user request that CloudFront receives"

https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonCloudFront/latest/DeveloperGuide/AccessLogs.html

https://docs.aws.amazon.com/awsaccountbilling/latest/aboutv2/custom-tags.html "User-defined tags are tags that you define, create, and apply to resources. After you have created and applied the user-defined tags, you can activate by using the Billing and Cost Management console for cost allocation tracking. "

To meet this requirement, the SysOps administrator should activate the company-defined tags as user-defined cost allocation tags. This will ensure that the tags appear on the billing report and that the resources can be tracked with the specific tags. The other options (activating the tags as AWS generated cost allocation tags, creating a new cost category and selecting the account billing dimension, and creating a new AWS Cost and Usage Report and including the resource IDs) will not meet the requirements and are not the correct solutions for this issue.

To centrally manage Security Hub across an organization, AWS allows you to delegate a member account as the Security Hub administrator. This enables centralized configuration and security insights without directly using the management account, which is a best practice.

Delegating a Non-Management Account: AWS recommends using a designated Security Hub administrator account (different from the management account) for central security configurations.

Security Hub Central Configuration: Configuring Security Hub in this manner ensures that security findings from all member accounts are consolidated and manageable from the designated administrator account.

To upgrade the instance type of a Memcached cluster in Amazon ElastiCache due to increased usage and the need for more memory:

ModifyCacheCluster API: Utilize the ModifyCacheCluster API call. This API allows you to change various settings of an existing cache cluster, including the instance type, which is referred to as cacheNodeType.

Instance Upgrade: Specify a new, larger cacheNodeType that provides more memory. This upgrade will involve a brief interruption as nodes are replaced with the larger type, but it is necessary to accommodate the increased load and memory requirements.

Cluster Availability: Ensure that the Memcached cluster is configured for minimal downtime during this change. The upgrade process is handled by ElastiCache, and the new nodes will join the cluster with more memory capacity.

This approach enables you to effectively scale up the resources available to your Memcached cluster, enhancing its performance and capacity to handle larger workloads.

AWS Global Accelerator:

AWS Global Accelerator is a service that improves the availability and performance of your applications with a global user base. It provides static IP addresses that act as a fixed entry point to your application endpoints (such as ALBs).

Steps:

Go to the AWS Management Console.

Navigate to Global Accelerator.

Click on "Create accelerator."

Configure the accelerator by providing a name and adding listeners.

Add your Application Load Balancer as an endpoint.

Allocate two static IP addresses.

This setup ensures that your application is accessible via two static IP addresses, fulfilling the requirement.

Understand the Problem:

All AWS resources must be tagged according to a company policy.

Continuous identification and enforcement of non-compliant resources are required.

Analyze the Requirements:

Monitor resources for compliance with tagging policies.

Enforce tagging policies and provide ongoing compliance reporting.

Evaluate the Options:

Option A: AWS CloudTrail.

Tracks user activity and API usage but does not enforce tagging policies.

Option B: Amazon Inspector.

Provides security assessments but does not monitor or enforce resource tagging.

Option C: AWS Config.

Monitors and evaluates the configurations of AWS resources.

AWS Config rules can be used to enforce tagging policies and continuously monitor compliance.

Option D: AWS Systems Manager.

Provides operational insights and management but does not specifically enforce tagging compliance.

Select the Best Solution:

Option C: AWS Config is designed for compliance and configuration monitoring, making it the ideal service for enforcing and identifying non-compliant resource tags.

References:

AWS Config

Managing Resource Tag Compliance with AWS Config

AWS Config provides the necessary tools to enforce and monitor resource tagging compliance, ensuring all resources adhere to the set policy.

https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/compute/using-amazon-rds-proxy-with-aws-lambda/

RDS Proxy acts as an intermediary between your application and an RDS database. RDS Proxy establishes and manages the necessary connection pools to your database so that your application creates fewer database connections. Your Lambda functions interact with RDS Proxy instead of your database instance. It handles the connection pooling necessary for scaling many simultaneous connections created by concurrent Lambda functions. This allows your Lambda applications to reuse existing connections, rather than creating new connections for every function invocation.

Check "Database proxy for Amazon RDS" section in the link to see how RDS proxy help Lambda handle huge connections to RDS MySQL https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/com pute/using-amazon-rds-proxy-with-aws-lambda/

To immediately notify software developers if an AWS Lambda function experiences an error, follow these steps:

Create an SNS Topic:

Navigate to the Amazon SNS console and create a new topic.

Add email subscriptions for each developer to the SNS topic.

https://docs.aws.amazon.com/awscloudtrail/latest/userguide/cloudtrail-log-file-validation-intro.html

"When you enable log file integrity validation, CloudTrail creates a hash for every log file that it delivers. Every hour, CloudTrail also creates and delivers a file that references the log files for the last hour and contains a hash of each. This file is called a digest file. Validated log files are invaluable in security and forensic investigations"

To implement a highly available solution that provides the functionality to use a minimum of three On-Demand instances and three Spot instances when prices are at a certain threshold, defining an Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling group using a launch template is the most suitable solution. This approach minimizes operational overhead by consolidating configuration and management tasks.

Define a Launch Template:

Use the provided AMI in the launch template.

Configure the instance type, key pair, security groups, and other necessary parameters.

Create an Auto Scaling Group:

Use the launch template for the Auto Scaling group.

Specify a desired capacity of three On-Demand instances.

Configure the Auto Scaling group to use mixed instances policies, which allow you to specify a combination of On-Demand and Spot instances.

Set the maximum price for Spot instances in the launch template to ensure that Spot instances are used only when their prices are below the specified threshold.

Configuration Steps:

Open the EC2 console and navigate to "Launch Templates."

Create a new launch template with the necessary configurations.

Navigate to "Auto Scaling Groups" and create a new Auto Scaling group using the launch template.

Configure the desired capacity, minimum capacity, and maximum capacity.

Under "Advanced Options," specify the mixed instances policy and set the maximum price for Spot instances.

References:

Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling Launch Templates

Auto Scaling Mixed Instances Policies

"Network Load Balancer is optimized to handle sudden and volatile traffic patterns while using a single static IP address per Availability Zone." https://aws.amazon.com/elasticloadbalancing/network-load-balancer/

For an application that must scale to millions of requests per second and requires a single static IP address for each Availability Zone, a Network Load Balancer (NLB) is the most suitable option. NLBs are designed for high-performance, low-latency networking, and they support static IP addresses for each Availability Zone, making it ideal for volatile traffic patterns. Option D is the correct choice. AWS provides extensive documentation on NLB capabilities and configurations that suit these requirements AWS Network Load Balancer.

To prevent accounts from leaving an AWS Organization, an SCP that denies the LeaveOrganization action should be applied to the root organizational unit (OU).

Service Control Policy (SCP): By denying LeaveOrganization, member accounts are restricted from leaving the organization.

Root OU Application: Applying this policy at the root level ensures that no account in the organization can bypass it.

The RemoveAccountFromOrganization action pertains to removing an account by the organization’s management account rather than preventing member accounts from leaving. AWS Config’s account-part-of-organizations rule does not enforce this restriction but only monitors it.

To effectively use Amazon CloudFront as a content delivery network for an application using an Application Load Balancer as the origin, several configuration steps need to be correctly implemented:

DNS Configuration: Ensure that the DNS records for the domain serving the content point to the CloudFront distribution's DNS name rather than directly to the ALB. If the DNS still points to the ALB, users' requests will bypass CloudFront, leading directly to the ALB and maintaining the existing load on your web servers.

TTL Settings: The Time to Live (TTL) settings in the CloudFront distribution dictate how long the content is cached in CloudFront edge locations before CloudFront fetches a fresh copy from the origin. If the TTL values are set to 0, it means that CloudFront does not cache the content at all, resulting in each user request being forwarded to the ALB, which does not reduce the load.

AWS Documentation Reference:For more information on DNS and TTL configurations for CloudFront, you can refer to the following AWS documentation:

Configuring DNS

CloudFront TTL Settings.

To improve the performance of an Amazon Elastic File System (EFS) when users report slower file retrieval times, configuring the file system for Provisioned Throughput is an effective solution.

Login to AWS Management Console:

Open the Amazon EFS console at Amazon EFS Console.

Select the File System:

In the EFS console, select the file system that you want to modify.

Modify Throughput Settings:

Choose File system policy and then Manage file system policy.

Under Throughput mode, select Provisioned Throughput.

Specify the desired throughput in MiB/s based on your application's needs.

Apply Changes:

Save the changes to apply the new throughput settings to the file system.

References:

Amazon EFS Performance

Managing Throughput Modes

"A certificate is eligible for automatic renewal subject to the following considerations: ELIGIBLE if associated with another AWS service, such as Elastic Load Balancing or CloudFront. ELIGIBLE if exported since being issued or last renewed. ELIGIBLE if it is a private certificate issued by calling the ACM RequestCertificate API and then exported or associated with another AWS service. ELIGIBLE if it is a private certificate issued through the management console and then exported or associated with another AWS service." https://docs.aws.amazon.com/acm/latest/userguide/managed-renewal.html

To route traffic based on the URL path during a transition period where both an EC2-based legacy application and a new AWS Lambda function are in use:

Use of Application Load Balancer (ALB): ALBs support advanced request routing based on the URL path, among other criteria. This capability allows the ALB to evaluate the URL path of incoming requests and route them appropriately to either the legacy EC2 instances or the Lambda function.

Path-Based Routing Rules: Configure the ALB with rules that specify which URL paths should be directed to the EC2 instances and which should be routed to the Lambda function. For example, requests to /legacy/* might go to the EC2 instances, while /new/* could be directed to the Lambda function.

Integration with Lambda: ALBs can directly invoke Lambda functions in response to HTTP requests, making them ideal for scenarios where both server-based and serverless components are used in tandem.

This setup not only facilitates a smooth transition by enabling simultaneous operation of both components but also leverages the native capabilities of ALBs to manage traffic based on application requirements effectively.

To minimize cost while maintaining immediate retrievability for files stored in Amazon S3, you can use S3 Lifecycle policies to transition objects to different storage classes based on their access patterns. Given that files are frequently accessed in the first 30 days and rarely accessed afterward, transitioning to S3 Standard-IA after 30 days is the most cost-effective solution.

Understand S3 Storage Classes:

S3 Standard: Suitable for frequently accessed data.

S3 Standard-Infrequent Access (S3 Standard-IA): Suitable for data that is less frequently accessed but requires rapid access when needed. It offers lower storage costs compared to S3 Standard but has a retrieval fee.

S3 One Zone-Infrequent Access (S3 One Zone-IA): Similar to S3 Standard-IA but stores data in a single Availability Zone, making it less resilient.

S3 Glacier: Suitable for archival storage where data retrieval time is not critical (minutes to hours).

Requirements and Solution:

Access Pattern: Frequent access in the first 30 days, rare access afterward.

Retrievability: Immediate access required for one year.

Cost Efficiency: Minimize storage costs after the first 30 days.

Implementing Lifecycle Policy:

Lifecycle Policy: Configure a lifecycle policy to transition objects to S3 Standard-IA after 30 days.

Step-by-Step Implementation:

Login to AWS Management Console:

Open the Amazon S3 console at Amazon S3 Console.

Navigate to the Bucket:

Select the bucket where the files are stored.

Configure Lifecycle Policy:

Go to the Management tab.

Choose Lifecycle and then + Add lifecycle rule.

Enter a rule name and scope (e.g., apply to all objects in the bucket or specific prefixes).

Under Lifecycle rule actions, choose Transition current versions of objects between storage classes.

Add a transition:

Days after object creation: 30

Storage class: S3 Standard-IA

Optionally, add expiration actions if objects should be deleted after a certain period.

Review and Save:

Review the configuration and save the lifecycle rule.

References:

Amazon S3 Storage Classes

Lifecycle Configuration Elements

Transitioning Objects Using Amazon S3 Lifecycle

To securely connect to Amazon S3 buckets from Amazon EC2 instances over a private connection without incurring additional costs, you can use a gateway VPC endpoint for S3. This method allows you to create a single gateway VPC endpoint for all S3 buckets in the same region, ensuring secure, private communication.

Create a Gateway VPC Endpoint:

Navigate to the VPC console.

In the navigation pane, choose "Endpoints" and then click "Create Endpoint".

Select "AWS services" and then choose "com.amazonaws..s3" from the service name dropdown.

Select the VPC in which to create the endpoint and the appropriate route tables.

Click "Create endpoint".

Update the Route Tables:

The gateway VPC endpoint will automatically update the selected route tables to include routes that direct S3 traffic through the endpoint.

Ensure that the route tables associated with your subnets include routes for the S3 service pointing to the gateway VPC endpoint.

Verify the Configuration:

Ensure that instances in the VPC can access the S3 buckets using private IP addresses.

Check the routing configuration to confirm that traffic to S3 is routed through the gateway VPC endpoint.

References:

Gateway VPC Endpoints for Amazon S3

Creating a Gateway Endpoint

AWS Organizations offers features that help manage multiple AWS accounts. To use AWS Compute Optimizer and AWS tag policies across all member accounts, the organization must have all features enabled.

Enable All Features in AWS Organizations:

Open the AWS Organizations console at AWS Organizations Console.

Navigate to Settings and ensure that All features are enabled.

Verify and Enable Trusted Access:

Ensure that trusted access is enabled for AWS Compute Optimizer and other relevant services.

This allows the management account to access and manage resources in member accounts.

Use AWS Compute Optimizer and Tag Policies:

Once all features are enabled, configure and manage AWS Compute Optimizer and tag policies from the management account.

References:

AWS Organizations

Enabling All Features in Your Organization

Enabling Trusted Access with Other AWS Services

Step-by-Step Explanation:

Understand the Problem:

An I/O intensive application on an Amazon EC2 general purpose instance is experiencing performance issues.

Users report delays or failures during intensive read/write operations.

The VolumeQueueLength metric is consistently high during these periods.

Analyze the Requirements:

Address the high VolumeQueueLength, which indicates that the EBS volume is unable to handle the I/O requests efficiently.

Improve the disk I/O performance to restore full application performance.

Evaluate the Options:

Option A: Modify the instance type to be storage optimized.

Storage optimized instances are designed for workloads that require high, sequential read and write access to large data sets on local storage.

This could help, but if the issue is primarily with EBS volume performance, increasing IOPS would be a more direct solution.

Option B: Modify the volume properties by deselecting Auto-Enable Volume I/O.

Auto-Enable Volume I/O is a setting that automatically enables I/O for the EBS volume after an event such as a snapshot restore.

Deselecting this option will not address the issue of high I/O demand.

Option C: Modify the volume properties to increase the IOPS.

Increasing the IOPS (Input/Output Operations Per Second) will directly address the high VolumeQueueLength by allowing the volume to handle more I/O operations concurrently.

This is the most effective and direct solution to improve the performance of I/O intensive tasks.

Option D: Modify the instance to enable enhanced networking.

Enhanced networking provides higher bandwidth, higher packet per second (PPS) performance, and consistently lower inter-instance latencies.

While beneficial for network performance, this does not directly impact the EBS volume’s I/O performance.

Select the Best Solution:

Option C: Modifying the volume properties to increase the IOPS directly addresses the high VolumeQueueLength and improves the EBS volume's ability to handle intensive read/write operations.

References:

Amazon EBS Volume Types

Amazon EBS Volume Performance

Optimizing EBS Performance

Increasing the IOPS of the EBS volume ensures that the application can handle the required intensive read/write operations more efficiently, directly addressing the high VolumeQueueLength and restoring full performance.

Amazon FSx for Windows File Server provides a fully managed native Microsoft Windows file system that supports the SMB protocol and Windows ACLs, ensuring compatibility with existing applications and processes. Using a Multi-AZ deployment ensures high availability by providing automatic failover to a standby instance in a different Availability Zone.

Create Amazon FSx for Windows File Server:

Open the Amazon FSx console at Amazon FSx Console.

Choose Create file system.

Select Amazon FSx for Windows File Server, then click Next.

Configure File System Settings:

In the File system details section, provide the necessary details such as Deployment type, Storage capacity, and Throughput capacity.

Select Multi-AZ deployment to ensure high availability.

Choose the Windows authentication method, either AWS Managed Microsoft AD or Self-managed Microsoft AD.

Network & Security Configuration:

Select the VPC, subnet, and security groups to attach to the file system.

Ensure subnets are in different Availability Zones for Multi-AZ configuration.

Review and Create:

Review the settings and click Create file system.

Access the File System:

Once the file system is created, you can map the network drive using the provided DNS name and manage permissions using Windows ACLs.

References:

Amazon FSx for Windows File Server Documentation

Creating a Multi-AZ File System

To resolve the issue where mobile users are being served the desktop version of the website, you need to forward the User-Agent header from CloudFront to your origin (ALB). This allows the origin to detect the type of device and serve the appropriate content.

Login to AWS Management Console:

Open the CloudFront console at Amazon CloudFront Console.

Select the Distribution:

Choose the CloudFront distribution you want to modify.

Update Cache Behavior Settings:

Go to the Behaviors tab.

Select the default behavior (or any specific behavior that you want to update) and choose Edit.

Forward Headers:

Under Cache Key and Origin Requests, choose Origin Request Policy.

Select Create Policy and include the User-Agent header in the policy.

Save the policy and apply it to the cache behavior.

This configuration ensures that the User-Agent header is forwarded to the origin, enabling it to serve different content based on the device type.

References:

Configuring CloudFront to Forward Headers

Creating CloudFront Cache Behaviors

AWS CloudFormation StackSets extends the capability of stacks by enabling you to create, update, or delete stacks across multiple accounts and AWS Regions

If a Lambda function is not being invoked by an Amazon EventBridge (formerly CloudWatch Events) rule, the likely issue is a missing permission. The Lambda function needs permission to be invoked by the EventBridge rule.

Steps:

Add Permission to Lambda Function:

Open the AWS Lambda console.

Select your Lambda function.

Choose "Configuration" and then "Permissions".

Under the "Resource-based policy" section, add a policy that grants EventBridge permission to invoke your function.

Example policy:

json

Copy code

{

"Version": "2012-10-17",

"Statement": [

{

"Effect": "Allow",

"Principal": {

"Service": "events.amazonaws.com"

},

"Action": "lambda:InvokeFunction",

"Resource": "arn:aws:lambda:REGION:ACCOUNT_ID:function:FUNCTION_NAME",

"Condition": {

"ArnLike": {

"AWS:SourceArn": "arn:aws:events:REGION:ACCOUNT_ID:rule/RULE_NAME"

}

}

}

]

}

Verify the EventBridge Rule:

Open the Amazon EventBridge console.

Select the rule that targets your Lambda function.

Ensure that the rule is correctly configured to match events and the target is your Lambda function.

References:

AWS Lambda Permissions Model

Amazon EventBridge Rules

To provision AWS accounts for each team with a defined baseline and governance guardrails in a scalable and efficient way, using AWS Control Tower is the best solution.

AWS Control Tower:

AWS Control Tower provides a straightforward way to set up and govern a secure, multi-account AWS environment based on best practices.

It uses Account Factory, a feature that automates the creation of new AWS accounts with predefined configurations.

Creating Accounts with Control Tower:

Navigate to the AWS Control Tower console.

Use Account Factory to create a new account.

Customize the account template to include the necessary configurations, such as organizational units (OUs), guardrails, and baselines.

Advantages:

Ensures consistent security and compliance across all accounts.

Automates account creation and configuration, saving time and reducing errors.

References:

AWS Control Tower

Setting Up Account Factory

Amazon Route 53's failover routing policy allows you to route traffic to a primary resource unless it is unavailable, in which case Route 53 can fail over to a secondary resource.

Steps:

Open Route 53 Console:

Open the Amazon Route 53 console.

Create Alias Records:

In your hosted zone, create two alias records.

One alias record should point to the ALB in the primary region and the other to the ALB in the secondary region.

Set Failover Routing Policy:

For the alias record pointing to the primary ALB, set the routing policy to "Failover" and designate it as the primary.

For the alias record pointing to the secondary ALB, set the routing policy to "Failover" and designate it as the secondary.

Enable Health Checks:

Ensure that "Evaluate Target Health" is set to "Yes" for both alias records. This ensures that Route 53 will check the health of the ALBs before routing traffic.

Configure Health Checks for ALBs:

Ensure that each ALB has appropriate health checks configured to accurately report the health of the instances.

References:

Route 53 Failover Routing

Configuring Alias Records

To achieve maximum cost savings and flexibility for a 24/7 running application across different AWS regions and operating systems, the best approach is to use a Compute Savings Plan. Compute Savings Plans provide the most flexibility by automatically applying to any EC2 instance usage regardless of instance family, size, OS, tenancy, or AWS Region, and also apply to AWS Fargate and AWS Lambda usage.

Understand Compute Savings Plans:

Compute Savings Plans offer significant savings over On-Demand prices, with the flexibility to use the compute option that best suits your needs.

Purchase a Compute Savings Plan:

Login to the AWS Management Console.

Navigate to the Savings Plans section.

Choose Purchase Savings Plan and select Compute Savings Plan.

Define the hourly commitment amount and the term length (one or three years).

Monitor and Optimize Usage:

Ensure that your usage aligns with the Savings Plan to maximize savings.

Use AWS Cost Explorer and Savings Plans Utilization reports to monitor usage.

References:

Savings Plans

Compute Savings Plans

Applying SCPs to an Organizational Unit:

Service Control Policies (SCPs) allow you to manage permissions for multiple AWS accounts within an organization.

Steps:

Go to the AWS Management Console.

Navigate to AWS Organizations.

Create an Organizational Unit (OU) if not already created.

Move the target accounts into the OU.

Create an SCP that denies the use of the specific EC2 instance family.

Attach the SCP to the OU.

This approach ensures that the policy is applied consistently across all accounts in the OU.

When using Amazon Route 53 to manage DNS records for a website hosted behind an Application Load Balancer (ALB), an ALIAS record should be used for the apex domain (e.g., example.com). ALIAS records are designed to map domain names to AWS resources like ALBs, CloudFront distributions, and S3 buckets, providing efficient DNS resolution.

Login to AWS Management Console:

Open the Route 53 console at Amazon Route 53 Console.

Select Hosted Zone:

Select the hosted zone for your domain.

Create Record Set:

Click on Create record.

In the Record name field, leave it blank to indicate the apex domain.

Select ALIAS as the record type.

Choose the Alias Target to be your Application Load Balancer from the dropdown menu.

Save Record Set:

Review the settings and click Create records.

References:

Choosing Between Alias and Non-Alias Records

Routing Traffic to an ELB Load Balancer

To secure the S3 bucket and allow access only from CloudFront, the following steps should be taken:

Create an OAI in CloudFront:

In the CloudFront console, create an origin access identity (OAI) and associate it with your CloudFront distribution.

The presigned URL expiration is the most common reason for access issues after some time. Additionally, if the SysOps administrator’s access key (used to generate the presigned URL) is invalid, the URL will no longer be usable. Block Public Access or ACL settings are irrelevant to presigned URLs.

To meet the requirement of using only IPv6 for all EC2 instances while allowing outbound internet access and preventing inbound internet access, an egress-only internet gateway is the correct solution. An egress-only internet gateway allows outbound communication over IPv6 and blocks inbound communication, ensuring that the instances can access the internet but are not directly accessible from the internet.

Create an Egress-Only Internet Gateway:

Open the Amazon VPC console at Amazon VPC Console.

In the navigation pane, choose Egress-only internet gateways.

Choose Create egress-only internet gateway, and then attach it to your VPC.

Create a Custom Route Table:

In the VPC console, navigate to Route Tables.

Create a new route table or select an existing one.

Add a route with the destination set to ::/0 (which represents all IPv6 addresses) and the target set to the egress-only internet gateway.

Attach the Route Table to IPv6-Only Subnets:

Associate the route table with the IPv6-only subnets in your VPC.

This configuration ensures that your IPv6-only EC2 instances can access the internet while being protected from inbound internet traffic.

References:

Egress-Only Internet Gateways

IPv6 Addresses

To efficiently find out how often the AWS Lambda function has failed in the last 7 days, use Amazon CloudWatch Logs Insights.

Access CloudWatch Logs Insights:

Navigate to the CloudWatch console.

Select "Logs Insights" from the navigation pane.

Based on the attached policy, the following actions are allowed for the IAM user:

Allow Amazon RDS DescribeDBInstances Action:

The policy allows rds:Describe* actions on all resources without any condition, so the user can describe RDS instances in any region.

Example action:

rds:DescribeDBInstances

For a disaster recovery (DR) plan with a 15-minute RTO and RPO, the most cost-effective steps include:

B: Configuring the Aurora cluster to replicate data to the DR region using the Aurora global database option. This allows continuous replication with typically low replication lag, meeting the 15-minute RPO requirement efficiently.

C: Pre-configuring the DR region with an ALB and an Auto Scaling group using the same configuration as the primary region. This ensures readiness and quick failover, aligning with the 15-minute RTO target.

These steps provide a robust disaster recovery setup that minimizes downtime and data loss while optimizing costs by using built-in AWS functionalities and avoiding over-provisioning. More information can be found in the AWS documentation on Aurora Global Databases Aurora Global Databases and disaster recovery planning AWS Disaster Recovery.

To manage Amazon EC2 instances using AWS Systems Manager, you need to ensure that the instances are associated with an IAM instance profile that grants the necessary permissions.

Attach IAM Instance Profile:

Create an IAM role with the AmazonSSMManagedInstanceCore policy.

Attach this IAM role to your EC2 instances.

Steps to Attach IAM Instance Profile:

Open the EC2 console and select the instances.

Choose "Actions" -> "Instance Settings" -> "Attach/Replace IAM Role."

Select the IAM role with AmazonSSMManagedInstanceCore policy and attach it to the instances.

AmazonSSMManagedInstanceCore Policy:

This policy grants the required permissions for Systems Manager to manage the EC2 instances.

It includes permissions for SSM Agent to communicate with the Systems Manager service.

References:

AWS Systems Manager Prerequisites

AmazonSSMManagedInstanceCore Policy